Charlotte Bronte: A Fiery Heart - Couverture rigide

Harman, Claire

Couverture rigide

ISBN 10 : 0307962083 ISBN 13 : 9780307962089

Editeur : Alfred a Knopf Inc, 2016

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Prologue

1 September 1843

It is 1 September 1843 and a 27-year-old Englishwoman is alone at the Pensionnat Heger in Brussels, a girls’ school where she is an unpaid student-teacher. It is halfway through the long vacation and everyone else who has a home or family to go to left weeks ago: the proprietress, Madame Heger, is at the seaside with her husband and children; the other teachers are on holiday or travelling.

Miss Brontë’s home is too far away to warrant a return for a mere two months. She can’t afford the cost of the journey back to her father’s Yorkshire parsonage, and, besides, arrangements should be kept to: Charlotte is a scrupulously dutiful person. But she is finding the empty dormitory oppressive, with all the beds covered in white cloths like a morgue; every meal is eaten alone, and the Pensionnat’s beautiful garden, with its old fruit trees and allée défendue of limes, seems more of a prison than a refuge when the rest of the school is abandoned. To escape the heavy solitude, it is Miss Brontë’s habit to go out and walk the city and the surrounding countryside for hours at a time. “I should inevitably fall into the gulf of low spirits if I stayed always by myself here without a human being to speak to,” she writes to her sister Emily, who was her companion at the school the previous year and knows the place well. The truth is, although she doesn’t tell Emily this, she is already in that gulf. She is desperately unhappy.

Her return to Brussels for a second year at the Pensionnat Heger Charlotte sees with hindsight to have been a terrible mistake, for she has fallen in love with someone who, it is painfully clear, will never see her in a romantic light. It is the headmistress’s husband, Monsieur Constantin Heger, a man of impressive intellect and spirit, the first person outside her immediate family to take her seriously, the first man to treat her as a potential equal. But the thrill of having his attention in her first year, as a pupil, has been followed by misery in the second, as his junior colleague. The Hegers have become wary of Charlotte’s ardour and eccentricities, and much more formal in their dealings with her. And now the man she considered her soul-mate is pretending that she is nothing special to him at all.

She looks in the mirror and sees, with ruthless clarity, a catalogue of defects; a huge brow, sallow complexion, prominent nose and a mouth that twists up slightly to the right, hiding missing and decayed teeth. She looks poor and ill-dressed, haunted and miserable, with none of the brilliant light from her “great honest eyes” that other people sometimes saw, and marvelled at. “[I]t is an imbecility which I reject with contempt—for women who have neither fortune nor beauty . . . not to be able to convince themselves that they are unattractive.” That’s what she had written six months earlier, when her friend Ellen, back home in Yorkshire, had ventured to suggest that there was some romantic motive for Charlotte’s return abroad.

The pain of staying indoors is too much: she sets off along the length of the parc Royal to the porte de Louvain, through the gate and up the long hill heading eastwards away from the city. “No inhabitant of Brussels need wander far to search for solitude,” she wrote later; “let him but move half a league from his own city and he will find her brooding still and blank over the wide fields, so drear though so fertile, spread out treeless and trackless round the capital of Brabant.” Her destination is the Protestant Cemetery in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, two miles beyond the walls of this predominantly Catholic city, a walk down into the hamlet of Evere, then up to the crest of a hill beyond. There is no church here, just a few dozen graves in a walled garden, heavily overgrown with cypress and yew, with inscriptions in English, French and German: the foreign tongues of alienated people dying far from home.

Charlotte has come to visit a particular grave, that of Martha Taylor, one of the West Riding family who had encouraged her to come out to Brussels in the first place and whose elder sister Mary had been Charlotte’s most admired friend since girlhood. Charming, quirky Martha—a flirt and chatterbox—had been swept away by cholera: the last time Charlotte had been out to visit her grave was just two weeks after the funeral the previous October. Emily had been with her then, and Mary, and all three young women had gone back and spent a strange evening at the lodgings of another English family, the Dixons, in the rue Royale. But even that gloomy day seemed better than this utterly solitary one. The Dixons had all left Brussels now, as had Mary Taylor, and Emily was back home in Haworth.

From the cemetery Charlotte keeps walking away from the city, through valleys, farms and hamlets, to a hill where there is nothing but treeless fields as far as the eye can see. The furthest reach. She has to turn back, but coming into the city in the fading light she finds herself so desperately trying to put off returning to the Pensionnat that she ends up weaving around the surrounding streets to avoid it.

This unassuming-looking woman, tiny, unfashionable, darting out a look but not liking to hold one’s eye, was in extremis.

Passing by the towering west front of the city’s great cathedral, SS-Michel-et-Gudule, and hearing the bell calling the faithful to the evening service, Charlotte Brontë did something strange, unpredictable and entirely uncharacteristic: she followed the worshippers in. The prejudices that she had to overcome even to step inside the door of a Roman Catholic church were considerable; Charlotte, the daughter of an Irish Protestant minister, was, like all her family, ferociously anti-papist. She had been brought up to pity Catholics and to fear them—one of her great sources of discomfort in Belgium was the mere fact of being in a Catholic country, surrounded by a “Romanism” that “pervaded every arrangement.” Her letters from Brussels are full of remarks about the superstitious nature of her Catholic pupils and colleagues, their “sensual indulgence” and the childishness of minds “reared in slavery.” But, on that lonely September evening, she found herself wandering up and down the aisles of the venerable Gothic church and staying to hear the service. When it was over, she was still reluctant to leave and, gravitating towards a part of the cathedral where six or seven people were kneeling, she let herself be directed into a confessional. Explaining this queer whim to her sister the next day, she said, “I felt as if I did not care what I did, provided it was not absolutely wrong, and that it served to vary my life and yield a moment’s interest. I took a fancy to change myself into a Catholic and go and make a real confession to see what it was like.”

The ornate confessionals of Ste-Gudule are still there, guarded by massive wooden angels, with a central box for the priest and kneelers for penitents on either side. Charlotte had to wait at the grating for ten minutes while another confession proceeded in a barely audible whisper just a few feet away. It was a long interval for second and third thoughts to take hold, for the voice of her bigoted upbringing to shout down this strange “fancy”—but she stayed put and eventually heard the communicating grille open and in the half-light saw the priest leaning her way—her cue to begin.

What did she say? In the letter she wrote about the episode to Emily the next day, Charlotte described everything but the substance of her confession: she described the difficulty she had explaining to the priest (in French, of course) what she, a Protestant, was doing in his church at all; she described the priest’s surprise and alarm, and the news that her religion precluded her from enjoying “le bonheur du sacrement.” “[B]ut I was determined to confess,” Charlotte said, and the priest eventually agreed to hear her, reasoning that it might be the first step towards a conversion. Freed by this act of kindness, “I actually did confess—a real confession.” Her sense of relief is palpable.

The object of Charlotte’s unrequited love, Constantin Heger, was a difficult, mercurial character who haunted each of her later novels (as Rochester in Jane Eyre, Louis Moore in Shirley, Paul Emanuel in Villette), and he cost her two years of intense heartache, humiliation and futile hope. But Charlotte was also struggling with the larger issue of how she would ever accommodate her strong feelings—whether of love for Heger, or her intellectual passions, or her anger at circumstances and feelings of thwarted destiny—in the life that life seemed to have in store for her, one of patchy, unsatisfying employment, loneliness and hard work. What was someone like her, a plain, poor, clever, half-educated, dependent spinster daughter, to do with her own spiritual vitality and unfettered imagination? How could she live with the painful “consciousness of faculties unexercised” that had moved her to go abroad in the first place, and that she recognised, from the example of her equally brilliant siblings, not as some sort of freakishness, but as an intimation of the sublime?

Coming away from the huge cathedral in the dark, Charlotte was already calculating how she would evade any consequences of the priest’s interest in her situation, and she had no intention of ever repeating her experiment. But her moment of freedom in the confessional was a pivotal one. Far from home, speaking in a whisper in a foreign language to a priest of an utterly alien faith, she was able to express what had been an intolerable burden to contain. As Lucy Snowe in Villette says of her own confession, “the mere relief of communication in an ear which was human and sentient, yet consecrated—the mere pouring out of some portion of long accumulating, long pent-up pain into a vessel whence it could not be again diffused—had done me good. I was already solaced.”

Charlotte Brontë’s solace went further than the immediate comfort of confessional release. Her experience in Ste-Gudule gave her an idea not just of how to survive or override her most powerful feelings, but of how to transmute them into art. Within the year she was writing her first novel, The Professor, and, soon after that, sending out her poems to publishers with those of her sisters, under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. The “relief of communication” was in telling the truth: not to a stranger in the darkness in a whispered foreign tongue, but to readers, through her works.

Two weeks after Charlotte’s visit to Ste-Gudule, the young Queen of England was in Brussels, on an official visit to her uncle Leopold, who, in 1831, had been made the first monarch of the new kingdom of Belgium. Victoria was an object of wonder across the globe—so young, so powerful, so female—and the sisters in Haworth had been fascinated by her ever since she came to the throne in 1837, a newly minted monarch of their own age and gender, ushering in a new age. Charlotte went out to see the royal party pass, and reported back to Emily, eager for any impressions. “I saw her for an instant flashing through the Rue Royale in a carriage and six, surrounded by soldiers,” she wrote. “She was laughing and talking, very gaily.”

Five years later, the insignificant little Englishwoman in the cheering crowd who had watched Victoria flash by would be keeping that queen and half the nation awake with the novel she had written.

Revue de presse :

“Just as Jane Eyre happily survives multiple readings, so does the story of Charlotte Brontë—particularly when in the hands of a gifted teller. Just in time for the bicentennial anniversary of Brontë’s birth, A Fiery Heart is an engrossing, almost novelistic tale of a woman who since childhood embraced an uncanny ability ‘to enter trance-like into her own imaginary world’ and find everlasting stories there ... Throughout we hear Brontë’s voice, with Harman’s chiming in alongside. Quite rightly for a work on Charlotte Brontë, one gets the sense of a sisterly collaboration.”
—Seattle Times
 
"Harman’s well-paced narrative and keen attention to the tentative and troubled way Charlotte adjusted to sudden fame make this latest version of a literary life all the more modern and captivating."
—San Francisco Chronicle

“A well-researched, wonderfully lucid, pleasingly written treatment of a most extraordinary woman ... What makes this biography such a rewarding work is the poise and easy confidence with which Harman summons character and creative imagination, not only Charlotte’s, but her sisters’ too, showing, most crucially, how Charlotte’s reading of their work unleashed a bold, hitherto absent ‘emotional force’ in her own writing ... Harman’s tart, understated wit and gift for quotation shine throughout ... Who can say at this point which is the best biography of Charlotte Brontë, but Harman’s is among them and perhaps the most engaging of all.”
—Chicago Tribune
 
“Harman mines [Charlotte’s letters], which she credits as ‘the fullest and most suggestive source to date of Charlotte Brontë’s behavior and private opinions,’ with considerable subtlety ... Harman skillfully interweaves the correspondence with other sources, including autobiographical passages from the novels, to produce as intimate and nuanced an account of the writer’s life as we are likely to get ... Charlotte Brontë’s end seems to have been harrowing. But at least Harman’s meticulous, affectionate biography reassures us that her afterlife is in good hands.”
—Los Angeles Times

"[A] masterly biography ... Harman leads readers on a precipitous journey through the writer’s interior landscape ... Harman’s psychologically astute portrait deftly bridges Charlotte’s world and her work."
—The New Yorker
 
“Lively ... [Charlotte Brontë] has found an affectionate champion in British biographer Claire Harman.”
—Washington Post

"An irresistible read."
—Christian Science Monitor

"Two hundred years after her birth, Charlotte Bronte’s rage over social expectations for women and thwarted ambitions are as relevant as ever, and [this] new biography by Claire Harman makes the Jane Eyre author fresh and relatable to readers who might only think of the Brontes as figures long buried in tragic myth ... Harman’s Bronte is a fighter, with so much still to say."
—Associated Press

“Charlotte Brontë: A Fiery Heart is a moving and intimate portrait of a troubled genius. Blessed with a wealth of new material, this is a beautifully written and exceptionally engaging biography. Charlotte Brontë has a new champion and her name is Claire Harman.”
—Dr. Amanda Foreman, author of Georgiana: Duchess of Devonshire
 
“Claire Harman’s book captures all of Charlotte Brontë’s idiosyncrasies, her brilliance and her oddness, as seen through the mind of a scrupulous and perceptive biographer. Thanks to Harman, we discover Brontë’s contradictions and beguilements as she courageously acts on a trust beyond herself, the details of her life forcefully accumulating both mystery and meaning.”
—Susanna Moore, author of One Last Look and The Life of Objects

“[Harman] vividly portrays a life of loneliness, anguish, tragedy, and suppressed rage in serene and elegant prose with frequent flashes of ironic humor; the underlying scholarship is extensive but never obtrusive. A delightfully engaging biography of a highly talented but deeply troubled prodigy of English literature.”
—Kirkus Reviews, starred review

"Fresh, vigorous ... Drawing on prodigious research, both old and new, Harman creates an expert portrait of life at Haworth Parsonage and of its eccentric inhabitants ... In telling Charlotte’s story anew, Harman has created a work that will appeal both to readers meeting the Brontë clan for the first time and to those already steeped in their lore."
—Publishers Weekly

“‘There’s a fire and a fury raging in that little woman,’ Thackeray observed of Charlotte Brontë. ‘She has a story and a great grief that has gone badly with her.’ Harman tells the story with quick wit, a sharp sympathy, and a fire and fury of her own.”
—Frances Wilson, Evening Standard
 
“Harman’s narration of [the] devastating events [of Charlotte’s life] is elegant, sensitive, beautifully paced and moving. She has . . . produced a work that is affirmative, edifying, inspiring and humane.”
—Matthew Adams, Sunday Express
 
“[An] excellent new bicentennial biography . . . Ms. Harman writes with warmth and a fine understanding of Ms. Brontë’s literary significance. Above all, she is a storyteller, with a sense of pace and timing, relish for a good scene and a wry sense of humor.”
—The Economist
 
“Elegantly written, consistently perceptive . . . [Harman] succeeds in bringing Charlotte back to life in all her spiky vulnerability.”
—John Preston, The Daily Mail
 
“As someone who once wrote a book about the Brontës’ afterlives, few people can have read as many biographies of them as I have. I thought I was Brontë-ed out, but reading this book—which will be equally accessible to someone coming to Charlotte for the first time—has drawn me back in.”
—Lucasta Miller, The Independent
 
“Three rounds of applause . . . for Claire Harman’s superb retelling of Charlotte’s story.”
—Mark Bostridge, The Spectator
 
“Finely judged and authoritative.”
—Sunday Times
 
“A retooled classic biographical narrative, shipshape and serviceable for the next 200 years.”
—Kathryn Hughes, The Guardian

À propos de cette édition

• Éditeur: Alfred a Knopf Inc
• Date d'édition: 2016
• ISBN 10: 0307962083
• ISBN 13: 9780307962089
• Reliure: Relié
• Nombre de pages: 462