kunstanstalt hildburghausen (96 résultats)

Etat : Gut. Bei der Größenangabe, handelt es sich um die Gesamtblattgröße. Gut erhaltenes Blatt, ca. 1850.Bitte beachten Sie, dass Sie eine Originalgraphik von über 150 Jahren erwerben, die altersbedingte Zeitzeichen aufweisen kann.The size specification is the total sheet size. Well-preserved sheet, ca. 1850.Please note that you are purchasing an original graphic from over 150 years ago, which may show signs of age.La spécification de taille correspond à la taille totale de la feuille. Feuille bien conservée, ca. 1850. Veuillez noter que vous achetez un graphique original datant de plus de 150 ans, qui peut montrer des signes de vieillissement. Landscape 25 x 18,5 cm.

Etat : Gut. Bei der Größenangabe, handelt es sich um die Gesamtblattgröße. Gut erhaltenes Blatt, ca. 1850.Bitte beachten Sie, dass Sie eine Originalgraphik von über 150 Jahren erwerben, die altersbedingte Zeitzeichen aufweisen kann.The size specification is the total sheet size. Well-preserved sheet, ca. 1850.Please note that you are purchasing an original graphic from over 150 years ago, which may show signs of age.La spécification de taille correspond à la taille totale de la feuille. Feuille bien conservée, ca. 1850. Veuillez noter que vous achetez un graphique original datant de plus de 150 ans, qui peut montrer des signes de vieillissement. Landscape 27 x 18 cm.

Etat : Gut. um 1840Bitte beachten Sie, dass Sie eine Originalgraphik von über 150 Jahren erwerben, die altersbedingte Zeitzeichen aufweisen kann.Original steel engraving in good condition! Landscape 17,5 x 25 cm.

loses Blatt. Stahlstich. ca. 24,9 x 18,3 cm um 1850/oJ, Ecken/Kanten bestossen, vergilbt, stockfleckig und berieben, an den ändern schlecht beschnitten, rückseitig Kleberrest bzw. -spuren, für das Alter eher mittlerer Zustand Sprache: Deutsch.

Blatt. 1 Bll., 16,5 x 11 cm Karte besonders außerhalb der Darstellung altersfleckig, ansonsten sauber Sprache: Deutsch Gewicht in Gramm: 100.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: colored, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 17,5 x 11,5; - Nice view of a busy street in Cairo with merchand and horses; History: Until his death in 1848, Muhammad Ali Pasha instituted a number of social and economic reforms that earned him the title of founder of modern Egypt. The immense debt resulting from Isma'il's projects provided a pretext for increasing European control, which culminated with the British invasion in 1882.The city's economic centre quickly moved west toward the Nile, away from the historic Islamic Cairo section and toward the contemporary, European-style areas built by Isma'il.Europeans accounted for five percent of Cairo's population at the end of the 19th century, by which point they held most top governmental positions. The British occupation was intended to be temporary, but it lasted well into the 20th century. Nationalists staged large-scale demonstrations in Cairo in 1919,five years after Egypt had been declared a British protectorate. Nevertheless, while this led to Egypt's independence in 1922, British troops remained in the country until 1956. During this time, urban Cairo, spurred by new bridges and transport links, continued to expand to include the upscale neighbourhoods of Garden City, Zamalek, and Heliopolis.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: black/white, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 12 x 16 cm; - View of the city Chihuahua in Mexico.; History: The Spanish first learned of Mexico during the Juan de Grijalva expedition of 1518. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began in February 1519 when Hernán Cortés arrived at the port in Veracruz with ca. 500 conquistadores. After taking control of that city, he moved on to the Aztec capital. In his search for gold and other riches, Cortés decided to invade and conquer the Aztec empire. When the Spaniards arrived, the ruler of the Aztec empire was Moctezuma II, who was later killed. His successor and brother Cuitláhuac took control of the Aztec empire, but was among the first to fall from the first smallpox epidemic in the area a short time later. The capture of Tenochtitlan and refounding of Mexico City in 1521 was the beginning of a 300-year-long colonial era during which Mexico was known as Nueva España (New Spain). The Kingdom of New Spain was created from the remnants of the Aztec hegemonic empire. Subsequent enlargements, such as the conquest of the Tarascan state, resulted in the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1535. The Viceroyalty at its greatest extent included the territories of modern Mexico, Central America as far south as Costa Rica, and the western United States. The Viceregal capital Mexico City also administrated the Spanish West Indies (the Caribbean), the Spanish East Indies (the Philippines), and Spanish Florida.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 12 x 16 cm; - Representation of the city of Neu Freiburg in Brazil.; History: The oldest traces of human life were found in the Caverna da Pedra Pintada in the state of Piauí. The early inhabitants fundamentally changed the ecosystem of the Amazon basin by planting certain types of plants and improving the soil. Their settlements - for example on the huge river island of Marajó - were far larger than long thought. In the province of Mato Grosso there were numerous planned locations where fish farming and agriculture were practiced until around 1500. The cities, which were up to 60 hectares in size, were connected by a road network - although in most areas the canoe was the means of transportation - there were dams and artificial ponds. As in many places in America, the people of the Xingu are believed to have been victims of the epidemic, especially smallpox. The indigenous peoples in Brazil lived partly from hunting, fishing and gathering, as well as from the fragile ecosystem of adapted soil management. A large part of the local population died in the course of European colonization, mostly from imported diseases, but also as a result of forced labor or enslavement. The majority of the Indians living outside the rainforest, especially in the cities, were assimilated insofar as they survived violence and epidemics and mingled with European immigrants. Already in 1494 Portugal and Spain decided to divide South America in the Tordesillas Treaty. Because the line had been agreed in ignorance of the coastline of the New World, the (at that time still generally unknown) eastern tip of South America also belonged to Portugal. The prerequisite for a legitimate possession was the consequent catholization of the locals. The period from 1500 to 1530 was marked by bartering with the locals. In 1549, today's Salvador da Bahia (São Salvador da Bahía de Todos os Santos) was named the capital. From 1530, native Indians were brought to the coast from inland who had to do the work on the sugar cane plantations in the northeast. Many of them died because of hard work, persecution, and indigenous susceptibility to European diseases. The colonialists then tried to replace the lost labor with slaves from Africa.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 10,5 x 15 cm; - View shows the city of Oxford in England.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 16,5 x 10,5 cm; - View shows a river course near Colombo on Ceylon (Sri Lanka).; History: Sri Lanka was known from the beginning of British colonial rule as Ceylon. Its geographic location and deep harbours made it of great strategic importance from the time of the ancient Silk Road through to the modern Maritime Silk Road. Before the beginning of the Dutch governance, the island of Ceylon was divided between the Portuguese Empire and the Kingdom of Kandy, who were in the midst of a war for control of the island as a whole. The island attracted the attention of the newly formed Dutch Republic when they were invited by the Sinhalese King to fight the Portuguese. Dutch rule over much of the island was soon imposed. The Kingdom of Kandy was the last independent monarchy of Sri Lanka. In the late 18th century the Dutch, weakened by their wars against Great Britain, were conquered by Napoleonic France, and their leaders became refugees in London. No longer able to govern their part of the island effectively, the Dutch transferred the rule of it to the British, although this was against the wishes of the Dutch residing there. In 1972, the country became a republic named Sri Lanka, repudiating its dominion status.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 11 x 15,5; - Decorative total view of the city and bay of Mumbay ( Bombay) in India.; History: Today's peninsula in the southern part of the island of Salsette with the city center of Mumbai is the result of intensive land reclamation measures that continue to this day. Before the arrival of the Europeans and into the 17th century, the area consisted of seven separate islands, five of which (Bombay, Mahim, Mazagaon, Parel and Worli) were grouped in a circle around a lagoon. Archaeological finds of hand axes and other stone tools suggest an early settlement of the archipelago. Drawid fishermen (Kolis) lived before the Aryan immigration around 1500 BC. The region. Aryan settlers left their first traces in the 8th century BC. The era of European rule began with the construction of a fort and a factories by the colonists on the island of Bombay, which lasted over 400 years until August 14, 1947, the day of India's independence. For two millennia until the arrival of the Europeans, today's Mumbai region belonged to various empires, including the Maurya Empire (until 185 BC), the Shatavahana Empire (until 220 AD) and the Kshatrapa Empire ( to about 300 AD). At the beginning of the 7th century, the country was conquered by the Chalukyas, who put Hinduism back in the foreground after a centuries-long Buddhist period. From the 8th century, Jews from Yemen and adherents of the religion of Zarathustra from Persia, who had fled there before the onslaught of the Islamic conquerors, settled on the west coast of India. Until the end of the 13th century, various dynasties ruled this rather insignificant and remote area. The village of Puri on the island of Elephanta was the largest settlement in the region until then. In the 13th century, the legendary independent kingdom under King Raja Bhimdev existed in the area. He is considered the founder of Bombay. In 1508, the Portuguese explorer and trader Francisco de Almeida sailed with his ship into the deep natural harbor of the island of Bombay. Pleasantly impressed by the geography and conditions, he called them Bom Bahia (good bay)In 1585 the Franciscans and Jesuits owned the islands of Salsette, Bombay, Mahim, Parel and Worli. The religious communities' income from the trade in spices was considerable. In 1583 the first English merchants came to the Indian west coast. In 1612, an English fleet defeated the Portuguese in the Battle of Suvali (Swally) north of Surat. Thereupon the British East India Company established the first permanent commercial branch in the port city of Surat. In 1626 the British attacked Bombay and burned the Portuguese manor house. On June 23, 1661, the port and the island of Bombay were handed over to the King of England by a marriage contract between the English King Charles II and the Portuguese infanta Katharina von Braganza. The city retained the anglicized name Bombay, derived from the Portuguese "Bom Bahia". Gerald Aungier, the sixth governor (1669?1677), set himself the task of ?planning the city that would be built with God's help? At the beginning of the 18th century, the branch had actually become the administrative seat of the British East India Company. Bombay became India's commercial and cultural capital after India's independence from Great Britain in 1947.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: original colored, condition: Minor stains, size (in cm): 10 x 15 cm; - Beautiful view of Chillon Castle on the eastern shore of Lake Geneva. It is a medieval moated castle in the Swiss canton of Vaud.; History: Geneva was a fortified border town of the Allobroges against the Helvetii in the Celtic period. It came under Roman rule around 120 BC. From 400 to 1536 it was a bishop's see, and in the fifth and ninth centuries it also functioned as the seat of the Burgundian kings. In 1526 Geneva joined a confederation of cities together with Bern and Fribourg. The French reformer John Calvin founded the Geneva Academy, now the University of Geneva, in 1559. From 1540 to 1700, Geneva had become an important refuge and new home for Italian and French Protestant refugees. The immigrant families, however, were not only a burden for the city, but also a social and economic enrichment through their education and knowledge in silk production and trade and in the art of watchmaking, which they brought with them and settled in Geneva and the surrounding area.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: black/white, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 13 x 8,5 cm; - Portrait of Benjamin Franklin (born January 17, 1706 in Boston, died April 17, 1790 in Philadelphia), founding father of the United States.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: colored, condition: Tear external margin perfectly restored, size (in cm): 12 x 15,5 cm; - View of the Temple of Theseus in Athens. Engraved by E. Grünewald, publisher Hildburghausen.; History: According to legend, the goddess Athena and the sea god Poseidon courted the favor of the inhabitants of the then still nameless city. Both were supposed to give a gift each to the inhabitants - whoever gave the most beautiful gift to the city was to be chosen as the patron saint. According to another tradition, Athens was founded by King Kekrops, which is why Kekropia (_____?__) is an ancient name of Athens. The settlement history of the area of the city of Athens goes back about 7500 years, to the Neolithic period. The area was leveled very early and surrounded with a strong wall, which was secured with nine gates arranged in a row (Enneapylai). This site was named after the Pelasgians, to whom the construction was attributed. Athens reached the height of its political and cultural influence as an Attic democracy and leading power in the Attic naval league during the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. Even when the city was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 86 B.C., it retained its status as an intellectual center and reached the peak of its urban development in the 2nd century A.D. It was not until the 9th century that the city became an episcopal see with the Parthenon as its episcopal church. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Athenian lower city was conquered by the Ottomans in 1456 and the strategically important upper city with the Acropolis was also conquered in 1458 by Sultan Mehmed II's commander Omar Pasha. The Parthenon was transformed from a Latin church into an Orthodox church and in 1460 into a mosque. The Erechtheion served as a harem for the Ottoman commander. The city was now losing more and more importance. After several destructions between the 17th century and the 19th century, the city sank to an insignificant provincial town. Athens grew extremely fast to its current size in the past 150 years.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 12 x 15; - View of the path of the Balcan mountains in Serbia and Bulgaria.; History: In the historical sense, Eastern Europe refers to Ukraine, the European part of Russia, Belarus and the Republic of Moldova. Occasionally, the Caucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia and, conditionally, Azerbaijan are also seen as part of Eastern Europe. By Christian Giordano and other scholars, one of the six historical regions of Europe is called "Eastern Europe." The Eastern European countries are historically and culturally largely influenced by the Orthodox Church (Islamic Azerbaijan excepted) and were - in contrast to the Ottoman-dominated Balkans - under the rule of the Russian Empire. Like the Balkan countries, the countries of Eastern Europe were for a long time backward agricultural states (cf.: Intermediate Europe) and had no or only a limited share in the social developments of the Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment of the Western world.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 12 x 16,5; - View of the Sulina- Delta( River Donau) in Romania.; History: Romania is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, and Moldova. Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Prior to the Roman conquest of Dacia, the territories between the Danube and Dniester rivers were inhabited by various Thracian peoples, including the Dacians and the Getae. In the Middle Ages, Romanians lived in three principalities: Moldavia and in Transylvania. The existence of independent Romanian voivodeships in Transylvania as early as the 9th century is mentioned in Gesta Hungarorum[ but by the 11th century, Transylvania had become a largely autonomous part of the Kingdom of Hungary In the other parts, many small local states with varying degrees of independence developed, but only under Basarab I and Bogdan I the larger principalities of Wallachia and Moldaviawould emerge in the 14th century to fight the threat of the Ottoman Empire. By 1541, the entire Balkan peninsula and most of Hungary had been conquered and integrated into the Ottoman Empire. By contrast, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania, while under Ottoman suzerainty, preserved partial or full internal autonomy until the mid-19th century. In 1600, all three principalities were ruled simultaneously by the Wallachian prince Michael the Brave. During the period of the Austro-Hungarian rule in Transylvania and of Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia and Moldavia, most Romanians were given few rights in a territory where they formed the majority of the population. Nationalistic themes became principal during the Wallachian uprising of 1821, and the 1848 revolutions in Wallachia and Moldavia. After the failed 1848 revolutions not all the Great Powers supported the Romanians' expressed desire to officially unite in a single state. But in the aftermath of the Crimean War, the electors in both Moldavia and Wallachia voted in 1859 for the same leader, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, as Domnitor and the two principalities became a personal unionformally under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. Following a coup d'état in 1866, Cuza was exiled and replaced with Prince Carol I of Romania of the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. During the 1877?1878 Russo-Turkish War Romania fought on the Russian side and in the aftermath, it was recognized as an independent state both by the Ottoman Empire and the Great Powers by the Treaty of San Stefano and the Treaty of Berlin. The new Kingdom of Romania underwent a period of stability and progress until 1914, and also acquired Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria after the Second Balkan War.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 11 x 15 cm; - View shows London seen from Waterloo Bridge.; History: With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be a capital city, and the walled city of Londinium was virtually abandoned, although Roman civilization persisted in the St. Martin-in-the-Fields area until about 450. By 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement called Lundenwic had developed just west of the old Roman town. By 680 the city had become a major port, although there is little evidence of large-scale production. By the 11th century, London was incomparably the largest city in England. Westminster Abbey, rebuilt in the Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the largest churches in Europe. Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from that point on London became the main forum for foreign merchants and the base for defense in wartime. After winning the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy, was crowned King of England on Christmas Day 1066 in the newly completed Westminster Abbey. In the 12th century, the institutions of central government that had previously accompanied the royal English court on its journey throughout the country grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place. During the Tudor period, the Reformation led to a gradual shift to Protestantism, and much of London's property passed from the church to private ownership, accelerating trade and business in the city. In 1475, the Hanseatic League established in London its main trading base (kontor) in England, the Stalhof or Steelyard. It existed until 1853, when the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburg sold the property to the Southeastern Railway. However, the reach of the English maritime enterprise barely extended beyond the seas of northwestern Europe. The trade route to Italy and the Mediterranean usually passed through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Straits of Gibraltar to or from England were likely Italian or Ragusan. When the Netherlands was reopened to English shipping in January 1565, there was a burst of business. The Royal Exchange was established. Mercantilism grew and monopoly trading companies such as the East India Company were established, with trade expanding to the New World. London became the most important North Sea port, and migrants arrived from England and abroad. In the 16th century, William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived in a time of hostility to the development of theater in London. In 1637, the government of Charles I attempted to reform the administration in the London area. The plan called for the Corporation of the City to extend its jurisdiction and administration to expanding areas in the city. During the English Civil War, the majority of Londoners supported the parliamentary cause. After an initial Royalist advance in 1642, culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by a defensive wall known as the Lines of Communication. The Great Fire of London broke out in Pudding Lane in the city in 1666 and quickly swept through the wooden buildings. It took over ten years to rebuild. In 1708, Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral, was completed. In 1762, George III purchased Buckingham House and it was expanded over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was haunted by crime, and the Bow Street Runners were formed in 1750 as a professional police force. The coffee house became a popular place to discuss ideas. Growing literacy and the development of the printing press made news widely available. and Fleet Street became the center of the British press. After the invasion of Napoleonic armies in Amsterdam, many financiers moved to London, especially a large Jewish community, and the first international edition in London was arranged in 1817. Around the same time, the Roya.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 12 x 16 cm; - View shows Melville Bay of Baffin Bay on the west coast of Greenland with sailing ship offshore.; History: Greenland is the largest island in the world and is geologically part of the Arctic North America. From a political point of view, it is an autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark. Around 875, the Norwegian Gunnbjørn discovered the island and named it Gunnbjørnland. In 982 Erik the Red had to flee Iceland and finally ended up in southwest Greenland. He gave the island its name Grænland. The Vikings who settled in Greenland were therefore called Grænlendingar. Around 1124 to 1126 Greenland became its own diocese, the bishopric of which was in Gardar, today's Igaliku, with the cathedral of Gar_ar. In 1350, the Icelandic churchman Ivar Bardarsson reported that the western settlement had been abandoned. A Swedish-Norwegian expedition under Paul Knudson (1355-1364) found no more Grænlendingar there. The last written record of the Northmen from the eastern settlement is from 1408, telling of a wedding in the church of Hvalsey. Contacts with Norway and Iceland broke off. After Europe lost contact with the settlers on Greenland in 1408, the island received little attention for 300 years due to its inhospitable nature. The English navigator John Davis landed in 1585, looking for the Northwest Passage, as the first new discoverer of Greenland, which he called the Land of Desolation, near present-day Nuuk. He circumnavigated the southern tip of the island and gave Cape Farvel its name. Under Christian IV there were three expeditions to Greenland in 1605, 1606 and 1607. In the first, helmsman James Hall, who had probably also driven with John Davis, recommended the new route taken by John Davis between the Orkney and Shetland Islands. In 1721 Greenland was taken over by the Norwegian Hans Egede for Denmark-Norway. In the Peace of Kiel in 1814, the Danish-Norwegian personal union was dissolved, Greenland fell to Denmark, but with the entry into force of the new Danish constitution on June 5, 1953, Greenland was no longer a colony.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 21,5 x 13,5 cm; - Map shows the course of the Rhine from Schaffhausen via Basel, Zurich, Breisach to Strasbourg. Top right a view of the Rhine Falls near Schaffhausen.; History: Since 1848, the Swiss Confederation has been a federal state of relatively autonomous cantons, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 years, putting them among the world's oldest surviving republics. The early history of the region is tied to that of Alpine culture. Switzerland was inhabited by Gauls and Raetians, and it came under Roman rule in the 1st century BC. Gallo-Roman culture was amalgamated with Germanic influence during Late Antiquity, with the eastern part of Switzerland becoming Alemannic territory. The area of Switzerland was incorporated into the Frankish Empire in the 6th century. In the high medieval period, the eastern part became part of the Duchy of Swabia within the Holy Roman Empire while the western part was part of Burgundy.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: original colored, condition: Some browning, size (in cm): 11 x 15,5; - Partial view of the city of Stockholm (Gamla stan).; History: Stockholm is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries. The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea. Just outside the city and along the coast is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago. The area has been settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC, and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl. It is also the capital of Stockholm County. Stockholm's location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne. The earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name (stock) means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word (Stock) meaning fortification. The second part of the name (holm) means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. According to Eric Chronicles the city is said to have been founded by Birger Jarl to protect Sweden from sea invasions made by Karelians after the pillage of Sigtuna on Lake Mälaren in 1187. The strategic and economic importance of the city made Stockholm an important factor in relations between the Danish Kings of the Kalmar Union and the national independence movement in the 15th century. The 17th century saw Sweden grow into a major European power, reflected in the development of the city of Stockholm. After the end of the Great Northern War the city stagnated. Population growth halted and economic growth slowed. The city was in shock after having lost its place as the capital of a Great power. However Stockholm maintained its role as the political centre of Sweden and continued to develop culturally under Gustav III.By the second half of the 19th century, Stockholm had regained its leading economic role. New industries emerged and Stockholm was transformed into an important trade and service centre as well as a key gateway point within Sweden. After the Ice Age, at around 8,000 BC, there had already been vast migrations towards the present-day Stockholm area, but as temperatures dropped, inhabitants moved away towards the South. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, and the lands became fertile, some life moved back to the North. At the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first occupied in about 1000 AD by Vikings. Vikings had a positive trade impact on the land because of the trade routes they created.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: colored, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 14,45 x 9,5; - Map shows lower Austria and a city map of Vienna; History: The name Austria is first handed down in its Old High German form Ostarrichi from the year 996. The Latin form Austria was also used. In 1156 Austria became an independent duchy in the Holy Roman Empire. After the Babenbergs died out in 1246, the House of Habsburg prevailed in the struggle for rule in Austria. The area designated as Austria later included the entire Habsburg Monarchy and later the Austrian Empire, which was constituted in 1804, and the Austrian half of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy established in 1867. The present republic came into being in 1918.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 12 x 16; - Decorative view of the city Vidin, a port town on the southern bank of the Danube in north-western Bulgaria. Vidin emerged at the place of an old Celtic settlement known as Dunonia. The settlement evolved into a Roman fortified town called Bononia. The town grew into one of the important centres of the province of Upper Moesia, encompassing the territory of modern north-western Bulgaria and eastern Serbia.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: colored, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 9 x 14 cm; - Map shows total Bohemia with 3 inset maps showing, Prague,Teplitz and Karlsbad.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: black/white, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 12,5 x 16; - Vie of the markes place in Granada.; History: On his fourth voyage, Christopher Columbus landed in July 1502 on the island of Guanaja, which belongs to the Honduran Islas de la Bahía. From the mouth of the Río Coco, the Cabo Gracias a Dios, he followed the coast of Nicaragua and anchored at the mouth of the Río San Juan to withstand heavy storms. From Panama, the conquistador Pedrarias Dávila undertook raids in 1519 to Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Although the immediate booty was relatively high, it became clear in the course of the conquest that in the long run the source of wealth lay in people. In the 1520s the area was colonized by Spain to start the encomienda. The first Spanish colonial cities were founded in Nicaragua near the Pacific coast. In 1539, Diego Machuca discovered the Río San Juan as a waterway between the Caribbean and Lake Nicaragua. In 1551, the Spanish chronicler Francisco López de Gómara said: ?You only have to make a firm decision to make the passage and it can be carried out. As soon as there is no lack of will, there will also be no lack of funds ? But the Spanish King Felipe II saw God's creation in the land bridge between the two seas, which man is not entitled to improve. Therefore the plan for an interoceanic Nicaragua Canal has not been pursued for the time being. For a long time, Spanish colonial rule was limited to the Pacific coast and its hinterland on Lake Nicaragua and the smaller Lake Managua. The Caribbean coast (Miskito coast), which was separated from the rest of the country by mountainous and impassable regions and was inhabited by the Miskito indigenous, came under the influence of Great Britain for a long time from Jamaica with the territory of today's Belize. In 1821, the General Capitanate of Guatemala, to which Nicaragua belonged, proclaimed its independence from the Spanish crown. The Jacobin cap of the French Revolution still adorns his flag over the five volcanoes of the country. Two years later, it became the United Provinces of Central America, from which the Central American Federation emerged, to which Nicaragua also included Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica and El Salvador.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: black/white, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 13 x 16; - View of the city of Coburg from the south.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: black/white, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 12 x 15,5; - View of the ciyt Chagres in Panama.; History: The earliest discovered artifacts of indigenous peoples in Panama include Paleo-Indian projectile points. Later central Panama was home to some of the first pottery-making in the Americas, for example the cultures at Monagrillo, which date back to 2500?1700 BC. Before Europeans arrived Panama was widely settled by Chibchan, Chocoan, and Cueva peoples. Rodrigo de Bastidas sailed westward from Venezuela in 1501 in search of gold, and became the first European to explore the isthmus of Panama. A year later, Christopher Columbus visited the isthmus, and established a short-lived settlement in the Darien. Vasco Núñez de Balboa's tortuous trek from the Atlantic to the Pacific in 1513 demonstrated that the isthmus was indeed the path between the seas, and Panama quickly became the crossroads and marketplace of Spain's empire in the New World. Gold and silver were brought by ship from South America, hauled across the isthmus, and loaded aboard ships for Spain. The route became known as the Camino Real, or Royal Road, although it was more commonly known as Camino de Cruces (Road of Crosses) because of the number of gravesites along the way. Panama was under Spanish rule for almost 300 years (1538?1821), and became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, along with all other Spanish possessions in South America. Because of incomplete Spanish control, the Panama route was vulnerable to attack from pirates (mostly Dutch and English), and from "new world" Africans called cimarrons who had freed themselves from enslavement and lived in communes or palenques around the Camino Real in Panama's Interior, and on some of the islands off Panama's Pacific coast. One such famous community amounted to a small kingdom under Bayano, which emerged in the 1552 to 1558. Sir Francis Drake's famous raids on Panama in 1572?73 and John Oxenham's crossing to the Pacific Ocean were aided by Panama cimarrons, and Spanish authorities were only able to bring them under control by making an alliance with them that guaranteed their freedom in exchange for military support in 1582. The prosperity enjoyed during the first two centuries (1540?1740) while contributing to colonial growth; the placing of extensive regional judicial authority (Real Audiencia) as part of its jurisdiction; and the pivotal role it played at the height of the Spanish Empire ? the first modern global empire ? helped define a distinctive sense of autonomy and of regional or national identity within Panama well before the rest of the colonies.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: black/white, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 12 x 15,5; - View of the city San Juan.; History: On his fourth voyage, Christopher Columbus landed in July 1502 on the island of Guanaja, which belongs to the Honduran Islas de la Bahía. From the mouth of the Río Coco, the Cabo Gracias a Dios, he followed the coast of Nicaragua and anchored at the mouth of the Río San Juan to withstand heavy storms. From Panama, the conquistador Pedrarias Dávila undertook raids in 1519 to Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Although the immediate booty was relatively high, it became clear in the course of the conquest that in the long run the source of wealth lay in people. In the 1520s the area was colonized by Spain to start the encomienda. The first Spanish colonial cities were founded in Nicaragua near the Pacific coast. In 1539, Diego Machuca discovered the Río San Juan as a waterway between the Caribbean and Lake Nicaragua. In 1551, the Spanish chronicler Francisco López de Gómara said: ?You only have to make a firm decision to make the passage and it can be carried out. As soon as there is no lack of will, there will also be no lack of funds ? But the Spanish King Felipe II saw God's creation in the land bridge between the two seas, which man is not entitled to improve. Therefore the plan for an interoceanic Nicaragua Canal has not been pursued for the time being. For a long time, Spanish colonial rule was limited to the Pacific coast and its hinterland on Lake Nicaragua and the smaller Lake Managua. The Caribbean coast (Miskito coast), which was separated from the rest of the country by mountainous and impassable regions and was inhabited by the Miskito indigenous, came under the influence of Great Britain for a long time from Jamaica with the territory of today's Belize. In 1821, the General Capitanate of Guatemala, to which Nicaragua belonged, proclaimed its independence from the Spanish crown. The Jacobin cap of the French Revolution still adorns his flag over the five volcanoes of the country. Two years later, it became the United Provinces of Central America, from which the Central American Federation emerged, to which Nicaragua also included Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica and El Salvador.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: original colored, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 12,50 x 15; - View of the city Ajaccio on Corsica.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: colored, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 12 x 16; - View show the harbour city of Suez; History: The ancient Egyptian country name Kemet means "Black Land" and refers to the fertile soil of the Nile Valley in contrast to the "Red Land" of the neighboring deserts. The European terms Egypt, engl. Egypt comes from the Latin Aegyptus and thus ultimately from the ancient Greek Aigypto. The Copts claim to be the direct descendants of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs. From their name came the Greek Aigyptos, which became Egypt in German. Islamic Arabs conquered the Nile valley around 640; From now on Egypt was dominated by changing power centers - Damascus, Baghdad, Cairo. Under the Umayyads (661?750), Arab tribes settled in the fertile plains and from then on determined the cultural appearance of Egypt. With the coming to power of Saladin, the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty (1171?1249), Cairo became the center of Muslim resistance to the Christian crusades. Around 1250 the palace guard, which was made up of Mamluks, originally mostly Turkish military slaves, rose and took over. At the end of the 13th century, the Mamluks destroyed the last Crusader states on Asian soil. Even after Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517, administration remained in their hands. The economic decline resulting from the discovery of the sea route to India (1498) made Egypt one of the poorest provinces of the Ottoman Empire. It was not until the landing of the French expeditionary force under Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798 that the Ottoman rule ended. When the French had to abandon their Oriental campaign after the British Admiral Nelson won at Abukir in the same year, the Albanian officer Muhammad Ali Pasha used the situation to seize power (1805?1849). He and his successors were able to achieve a certain independence under Ottoman rule, pursued an expansionary policy and initiated the history of modern Egypt.

Technic: Steel engraving, colorit: black/white, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 12 x 16; - View of the house of birth from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.