the world for today (75 résultats)

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Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Tear on upper right margin perfectly restored, size (in cm): 14 x 19 cm; - Map shows total Germany with Austria and Swizerland; History: The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul (France), which he had conquered. In the High Middle Ages, the regional dukes, princes and bishops gained power at the expense of the emperors. Martin Luther led the Protestant Reformationagainst the Catholic Church after 1517, as the northern states became Protestant, while the southern states remained Catholic. The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years' War (1618?1648). 1648 marked the effective end of the Holy Roman Empire and the beginning of the modern nation-state system, with Germany divided into numerous independent states, such as Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 8 x 10,5 cm; - Map shows Transylvania. With detailed representation of all cities, forests and mountains.; History: Transilvania is a historical region located in what is today the central part of Romania. Bound on the east and south by its natural borders, the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended westward to the Apuseni Mountains. The region of Transylvania is known for the scenic beauty of its Carpathian landscape and its rich history. It also contains major cities such as Cluj-Napoca, Bra_ov, Sibiu and Târgu Mure_. The Habsburgs acquired the territory shortly after the Battle of Vienna in 1683. In 1687, the rulers of Transylvania recognized the suzerainty of the Habsburg emperor Leopold I, and the region was officially attached to the Habsburg Empire.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 10 x 13 cm; - Map shows the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.; History: Since 1848, the Swiss Confederation has been a federal state of relatively autonomous cantons, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 years, putting them among the world's oldest surviving republics. The early history of the region is tied to that of Alpine culture. Switzerland was inhabited by Gauls and Raetians, and it came under Roman rule in the 1st century BC. Gallo-Roman culture was amalgamated with Germanic influence during Late Antiquity, with the eastern part of Switzerland becoming Alemannic territory. The area of Switzerland was incorporated into the Frankish Empire in the 6th century. In the high medieval period, the eastern part became part of the Duchy of Swabia within the Holy Roman Empire while the western part was part of Burgundy.

Paperback. Etat : Good. This is a used book in good condition and may show some signs of use or wear . This is a used book in good condition and may show some signs of use or wear .

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 10 x 13 cm; - Map shows the Cape Verde Islands Cape Verde, partly the coast of West Africa and a title cartouche.; History: The uninhabited islands were circled by António Fernandes in 1445 and discovered and entered for the first time in 1456 by the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto, who was in Portuguese service (Boa Vista). Antonio da Noli, a Genoese captain who also sailed on behalf of the Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator, continued to explore the islands from 1458 in collaboration with Diogo Gomes, discovered most of the rest of the eastern Cape Verde Islands and baptized the archipelago with the name Ilhas de Cabo Verde and began settling the islands as governor of the Portuguese crown from 1461. In fact, Diogo Gomes later claimed to be the first of the two to have seen the island of Santiago from afar and also to have been the first to set foot on it. Antonio da Noli, however, managed to return to Portugal earlier, and he was then understandably rewarded by Heinrich the Navigator with the encouragement of the discovery, which, in the words of Diogo Gomes, "I, Gomes, discovered". Because of the rivalry between the two, Diogo Gomes is considered to be the true discoverer of the main island of Santiago in Portuguese historiography. The islands were named by the Portuguese after Cabo Verde (Green Cape) on the west coast of Africa.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Wormhole perfectly restored, size (in cm): 14,5 x 18,5; - Map shows the city of Constanz at the lake Bodensee; History: Baden-Wuertemberg is a state in southwest Germany, east of the Rhine, which forms the border with France. It is is formed from the historical territories of Baden, Prussian Hohenzollern, and Württemberg, and also parts of Swabia. Baden Würtemberg was only founded in 1952 by the merger of the states of Württemberg-Baden, Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern. Today the most populous city of Baden-Württemberg is the state capital Stuttgart, followed by Karlsruhe and Mannheim. Other major cities are Freiburg im Breisgau, Heidelberg, Ulm, Heilbronn, Pforzheim and Reutlingen. The early modern period was marked by the Reformation and the expansion efforts of the emerging states of Austria, Prussia, France and Sweden. Conflicts such as the Peasant War, the Thirty Years' War and the Palatinate War of Succession resulted from these. One of the focal points of the fighting, with corresponding consequences for the population and the economy, was in what is today Baden-Württemberg, which remained extremely fragmented territorially. At the beginning of the 19th century, around 300 states still had territorial rights in what is now Baden-Württemberg, but their number was reduced to four after the dissolution of the Old Empire. The Kingdom of Württemberg and the Grand Duchy of Baden were among the winners of the coalition wars. The two principalities of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Hohenzollern-Hechingen survived mediatization due to their special relationship with Napoléon. In 1849, the Baden Revolution was put down by Prussian intervention forces, the Baden army was dissolved and rebuilt under Prussian leadership. In 1850 the two Hohenzollern states became the Prussian province of Hohenzollernsche Lande. With the new formation of the tribal duchies, the southern areas of what is now the state of Baden-Württemberg belonged to the Duchy of Swabia until the end of the High Middle Ages, the northern areas were located with the Duchy of Franconia.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 7,5 x 10 cm; - Map shows total Transilvania. - additional information: From pocket atlas.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 14 x 19; - Map shows the city of Neuss; History: The first written account of the area was by its conqueror, Julius Caesar, the territories west of the Rhine were occupied by the Eburones and east of the Rhine he reported the Ubii (across from Cologne) and the Sugambri to their north. The Ubii and some other Germanic tribes such as the Cugerni were later settled on the west side of the Rhine in the Roman province of Germania Inferior. Julius Caesar conquered the tribes on the left bank, and Augustus established numerous fortified posts on the Rhine, but the Romans never succeeded in gaining a firm footing on the right bank, where the Sugambri neighboured several other tribes including the Tencteri and Usipetes. North of the Sigambri and the Rhine region were the Bructeri. and by the end of the fifth century had conquered all the lands that had formerly been under Roman influence. By the eighth century, the Frankish dominion was firmly established in western Germany and northern Gaul, but at the same time, to the north, Westphalia was being taken over by Saxons pushing south. As the central power of the Holy Roman Emperor weakened, the Rhineland split into numerous small, independent, separate vicissitudes and special chronicles. Prussia first set foot on the Rhine in 1609 by the occupation of the Duchy of Cleves and about a century later Upper Guelders and Moers also became Prussian. At the peace of Basel in 1795, the whole of the left bank of the Rhine was resigned to France, and in 1806, the Rhenish princes all joined the Confederation of the Rhine. After the Congress of Vienna, Prussia was awarded the entire Rhineland, which included the Grand Duchy of Berg, the ecclesiastic electorates of Trier and Cologne, the free cities of Aachen and Cologne, and nearly a hundred small lordships and abbeys. The Prussian Rhine province was formed in 1822 and Prussia had the tact to leave them in undisturbed possession of the liberal institutions to which they had become accustomed under the republican rule of the French. In 1920, the districts of Eupen and Malmedy were transferred to Belgium (see German-speaking Community of Belgium). After the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Prussia received a large amount of territory in the Westphalian region and created the province of Westphalia in 1815. The northernmost portions of the former kingdom, including the town of Osnabrück, had become part of the states of Hanover and Oldenburg.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 9,5 x 13 cm; - Map shows the Gulf of Guinea with the countries Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria in Africa. Furthermore, a title cartouche, two sailing ships and a mileage indicator.; History: The land that is now Guinea belonged to a series of African empires until France colonized it in the 1890s, and made it part of French West Africa. Guinea declared its independence from France on 2 October 1958. The country is named after the Guinea region. Guinea is a traditional name for the region of Africa that lies along the Gulf of Guinea. It stretches north through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel. The English term Guinea comes directly from the Portuguese word Guiné, which emerged in the mid-15th century to refer to the lands inhabited by the Guineus, a generic term for the black African peoples south of the Senegal River, in contrast to the "tawny" Zenaga Berbers above it, whom they called Azenegues or Moors.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 9 x 12 cm; - Map shows the Cape Verde Islands Cape Verde, partly the coast of West Africa and a title cartouche.; History: The uninhabited islands were circled by António Fernandes in 1445 and discovered and entered for the first time in 1456 by the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto, who was in Portuguese service (Boa Vista). Antonio da Noli, a Genoese captain who also sailed on behalf of the Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator, continued to explore the islands from 1458 in collaboration with Diogo Gomes, discovered most of the rest of the eastern Cape Verde Islands and baptized the archipelago with the name Ilhas de Cabo Verde and began settling the islands as governor of the Portuguese crown from 1461. In fact, Diogo Gomes later claimed to be the first of the two to have seen the island of Santiago from afar and also to have been the first to set foot on it. Antonio da Noli, however, managed to return to Portugal earlier, and he was then understandably rewarded by Heinrich the Navigator with the encouragement of the discovery, which, in the words of Diogo Gomes, "I, Gomes, discovered". Because of the rivalry between the two, Diogo Gomes is considered to be the true discoverer of the main island of Santiago in Portuguese historiography. The islands were named by the Portuguese after Cabo Verde (Green Cape) on the west coast of Africa.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 9 x 12,5 cm; - Map shows Southern Africa up to the equator with partial Madagascar, the Amirantes and a sea monster.; History: The term Southern Africa , refers to the southern part of the African continent. It includes Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eswatini, Comoros, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. According to the "Out-of-Africa theory", Africa is considered the "cradle of mankind", where homo development led to the development of the anatomically modern human Homo sapiens. One of the earliest advanced civilizations in mankind was formed in ancient Egypt. Over the millennia, various "great empires" such as the Empire of Abyssinia emerged on the continent. There were other kingdoms in West Africa, such as the Ashanti and Haussa, but they emerged much later. There were also some important cultures in East and South Africa, as in the area of today's Sudan, then called Nubia or Kush. Nubian pharaohs ruled all of Egypt for a dynasty. For example, the inhabitants of Greater Zimbabwe were important cultures in southern Africa. This stone castle was architecturally a masterpiece at that time and important for trade between the peoples of the south and east. The Swahili were known in East Africa. North Africa was connected to Europe and the Near East by the Mediterranean rather than separated. Carthage, a foundation of the Phoenicians in what is now Tunisia, was around the middle of the 1st millennium BC. The dominant power in the western Mediterranean until it was replaced by Rome in the Punic Wars. This prevailed from 30 BC. BC (conquest of Egypt) over all of North Africa. Even the ancient Egyptians (Queen Hatshepsut) made trips to Punt, probably in what is now Somalia. The kingdom of the Queen of Sheba, which probably had its center in southern Arabia, is said to have spanned parts of the Horn from Africa to the north of Ethiopia.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 10 x 13 cm; - Map shows the island of Madagascar with surrounding islands and a title cartouche.; History: Madagascar- officially the Republic of Madagascar , and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa. Madagascar was an important transoceanic trading hub connecting ports of the Indian Ocean in the early centuries following human settlement. The written history of Madagascar began with the Arabs, who established trading posts along the northwest coast by at least the 10th century. From about 1774 to 1824, Madagascar gained prominence among pirates and European traders, particularly those involved in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Many European sailors were shipwrecked on the coasts of the island, among them Robert Drury, whose journal is one of the few written depictions of life in southern Madagascar during the 18th century. The wealth generated by maritime trade spurred the rise of organized kingdoms on the island, some of which had grown quite powerful by the 17th century. Among these were the Betsimisaraka alliance of the eastern coast and the Sakalava chiefdoms of Menabe and Boina on the west coast. The Kingdom of Imerina, located in the central highlands with its capital at the royal palace of Antananarivo, emerged at around the same time under the leadership of King Andriamanelo.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 15 x 19,5; - Representation of the coty of Kassel; History: In the 12th century, Hessen was passed to Thuringia. In the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247?1264), Hessen gained independence and became a Landgraviate within the Holy Roman Empire. It shortly rose to primary importance under Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous, who was one of the leaders of German Protestantism. After Philip's death in 1567, the territory was divided among his four sons from his first marriage into four lines: Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), Hesse-Darmstadt, Hessen-Rheinfels, and the also previously existing Hesse-Marburg. As the latter two lines died out quite soon (1583 and 1605), Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Darmstadt were the two core states within the Hessian lands. Several collateral lines split off during the centuries, such as in 1622, when Hessen-Homburg split off from Hesse-Darmstadt. In the late 16th century, Kassel adopted Calvinism, while Darmstadt remained Lutheran and subsequently the two lines often found themselves on different sides of a conflict, most notably in the disputes over Hessen-Marburg and in the Thirty Years' War, when Darmstadt fought on the side of the Emperor, while Kassel sided with Sweden and France. War of Hessen: The Landgrave Frederick II (1720?1785) ruled as a benevolent despot, from 1760 to 1785. He combined Enlightenment ideas with Christian values, cameralist plans for central control of the economy, and a militaristic approach toward diplomacy.He funded the depleted treasury of the poor nation by loaning 19,000 soldiers in complete military formations to Great Britainto fight in North America during the American Revolutionary War, 1776?1783. These soldiers, commonly known as Hessians, fought under the British flag. The British used the Hessians in several conflicts, including in the Irish Rebellion of 1798. For further revenue, the soldiers were loaned to other places as well. Most were conscripted, with their pay going to the Landgrave.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 9,5 x 12 cm; - Map shows the whole of Sardinia with title cartouche and mileage scale.; History: It is believed that the Sherds, often referred to as Shardana, a "sea people" coming from the eastern Mediterranean and known from Egyptian sources, settled here around 1200 BC. The Phoenician-Punic period in Sardinia began in the 9th century B.C. Since the 14th century B.C., Sardinia has been visited by seafarers from the eastern Mediterranean. Mycenaeans and Cypriots were already trading with the island at that time. Etruscan-Phoenician trade was also conducted in Sardinia from the 7th century. Following in the footsteps of the Levantine traders were the Punic, who were particularly interested in the ore deposits of Iglesiente. They founded not only trading posts in places like Karali (today Cagliari), and Othoca , Nora, Sulki ( Sulcis), Su Fraigu and Tharros, but also colonies. By the middle of the 6th century BC, the Punic had taken control of the south and west of Sardinia. They then began to transform their part of the island into a granary. Punic and Sardinian combined into one culture in the occupied territory from the 3rd century BC. The triangle of Ibiza, Corsica (including Sardinia) and Sicily represented, according to today's knowledge, the overseas continuation of the Carthaginian motherland. During the First Punic War, Rome had felt the strategic importance of Sardinia. After unsuccessful attempts to take control of the island, Rome had to recognize Carthage's sovereign rights over Sardinia in the peace treaty of 241 BC. Until the First Punic War, the Punic inhabitants of Carthage were nominally the masters of the island, although they never advanced into the interior, which was still largely autonomous well into Roman times (from 238 BC). With the conquest of Sulcis in 704, a period of more than two hundred years began in which the Arabs repeatedly raided the island's coasts. A large part of the coastal population fled to the interior of the island. The now isolated island was divided from the 9th century into four giudicati with local feudal rulers - "judges". The Arab fleets dominated the coasts. A permanent Arab conquest was prevented until 1014/15. The Hohenstaufen Frederick II (1198-1250), King of Sicily, appointed his illegitimate son Enzio King of Sardinia in 1239, from which came the island's status as a kingdom, which remained until its absorption into the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. After the extinction of the Spanish Habsburgs, Sardinia fell to the Austrian line of the House of Habsburg following the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714, but was ceded to the ruling House of Savoy as early as 1720. The newly created Kingdom of Sardinia, with its capital Turin and its provinces of Savoy and Piedmont, now had its geographical center on the Italian mainland. It was not until 1946 that the island received autonomy as the Autonomous Region of Sardinia.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 14 x 20 cm; - Map shows Lake Geneva in Switzerland with a compass rose, ship charts and a title cartouche.; History: Since 1848, the Swiss Confederation has been a federal state of relatively autonomous cantons, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 years, putting them among the world's oldest surviving republics. The early history of the region is tied to that of Alpine culture. Switzerland was inhabited by Gauls and Raetians, and it came under Roman rule in the 1st century BC. Gallo-Roman culture was amalgamated with Germanic influence during Late Antiquity, with the eastern part of Switzerland becoming Alemannic territory. The area of Switzerland was incorporated into the Frankish Empire in the 6th century. In the high medieval period, the eastern part became part of the Duchy of Swabia within the Holy Roman Empire while the western part was part of Burgundy.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 9 x 12; - Map depicts the islands of the Maledives, partly Ceylon( now Sri Lanka) and the south part of India. With decorative ships and sea monsters in the foreground. - additional information: From pocket atlas.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 9,5 x 12; - Map shows the islend Saint Helena with decorative sea monsters and two inset maps.; History: Due to its remoteness and cliffs, St. Helena was uninhabited until the 16th century. In 1502 the Portuguese João da Nova landed on the island and named it after Helena, the mother of Emperor Constantine, as the day it was discovered was her name day. The Portuguese imported fruits and built some houses and a chapel. When they sailed on, they left their sick on the island but did not establish a permanent settlement. The Portuguese kept the island's existence a secret in order to secure its strategic importance. The island's first long-term resident was Fernão Lopes, a Portuguese soldier who had been severely punished by the governor of Goa for treason. On his way back to Portugal in 1516, he left the ship with a stopover on St. Helena and was left alone on the island. He died there around 1546. The first Englishman on the island was Thomas Cavendish, who anchored off St. Helena on 1588 with his ship Desire from the Pacific and stayed for twelve days. He described the island as an "earthly paradise"; from now on it was no longer a secret. James Lancaster arrived on the island in 1591. Around 1600 the Portuguese gave up St. Helena. Immediately afterwards it was occupied by the Dutch. The Dutch occupation lasted until 1651. In 1659 the British East India Company took possession of the island and built the fort (Jamestown) and a garrison. In 1673 the Dutch occupied St. Helena again, but were soon driven out by the English. The company that officially owned the island built large farms on which many blacks and Chinese worked. The wealth of St. Helenas increased, because because of the safe location large amounts of gold were kept and wealthy merchants resided on the island. The island of St. Helena has been a place of exile for heads of state and other personalities, such as Napoleon, the Zulu ruler Dinuzulu ka Cetshwayo, the Boer general Piet Cronjé with his soldiers and Chalid ibn Barghasch, who was ruler of the Sultanate of Zanzibar for a few days in 1896 .

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 9,5 x 13; - Map shows Peru.; History: In April 1532 Francisco Pizarro landed on the Peruvian coast. In November 1533 Pizarro reached the capital Cusco, which was handed over to him without any significant resistance. He appointed the younger brother Huáscars, Manco Cápac II as an Inca, who in 1536 dared a barely failed uprising. Pizarro had thus conquered the Inca Empire for the Spanish crown, and King Charles I, also known as the German-Roman Emperor Charles V, could say of himself: "The sun never sets in my empire." Pizarro founded today's capital in January 1535 Lima. The Spanish founded the Viceroyalty of Peru in 1542 with Lima as the capital, which, with the exception of Venezuela, included all Spanish possessions in South America. In 1572 the Spaniards took Vilcabamba, the last refuge of the Incas. Lima was developed by the Spaniards into a magnificent city and called the city of kings. While independence movements developed in most countries in South America from 1809, the situation in Peru remained relatively stable. The Bolivian dictator Andrés Santa Cruz invaded Lima in the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation War in 1836 and united the two countries into the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Tears perfectly restored, size (in cm): 7,5 x 10,5 cm; - Map shows all of Russia, Japan, some of China, India and North America. - additional information: From pocket atlas; History: By the 15th century, Beijing had essentially taken its current shape. The Ming city wall continued to serve until modern times, when it was pulled down and the 2nd Ring Road was built in its place. It is generally believed that Beijing was the largest city in the world for most of the 15th, 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries.The first known church was constructed by Catholics in 1652 at the former site of Matteo Ricci's chapel; the modern Nantang Cathedral was later built upon the same site. The capture of Beijing by Li Zicheng's peasant army in 1644 ended the dynasty, but he and his Shun court abandoned the city without a fight when the Manchu army of Prince Dorgon arrived 40 days later. The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty( the years 1420 to 1912). It is located in the center of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum. When Hongwu Emperor's son Zhu Di became the Yongle Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City. Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers. It served as the home of emperors and their households as well as the ceremonial and political center of Chinese government for almost 500 years. The palace complex exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. Since 1925 the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Very good, size (in cm): 9,5 x 12 cm; - Map shows total Istria with title cartouche.; History: Following the decisive Ottoman victories, Croatia was split into civilian and military territories, with the partition formed in 1538. The military territories would become known as the Croatian Military Frontier and were under direct Imperial control. Ottoman advances in the Croatian territory continued until the 1593 Battle of Sisak, the first decisive Ottoman defeat, and stabilisation of borders. The Ottoman wars instigated great demographic changes. Croats migrated towards Austria and the present-day Burgenland Croats are direct descendants of these settlers. o replace the fleeing population, the Habsburgs encouraged the Christian populations of Bosnia and Serbia to provide military service in the Croatian Military Frontier. Serb migration into this region peaked during the Great Serb Migrations of 1690 and 1737?39. Between 1797 and 1809 the First French Empire gradually occupied the entire eastern Adriatic coastline and a substantial part of its hinterland, ending the Venetian and the Ragusan republics, establishing the Illyrian Provinces.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 9 x 13 cm; - Map shows the island Teicera of the Azores.; History: Historically, there has been uncertainty in the date and the discoverer associated with the islands of the Azores. Nautical charts before the "official" discovery identified islands in the Atlantic Ocean as far back as 1325, when a chart by Angelino Dalorto identified "Bracile" west of Ireland, and later one by Angelino Dulcert which identifies the Canaries, and Madeira, along with mysterious islands denominated as "Capraria". Legends also persisted of Atlantis, Sete Cidades (Kingdoms of the Seven Cities), the Terras of São Brandão, the Ilhas Aofortunadas (The Fortunate Islands), the Ilha da Brasil (the Island of Brasil), Antília, the Ilhas Azuis (Blue Islands), and the Terra dos Bacalhaus (Land of Codfish), and charts appeared between 1351 and 1439 of several groupings of islands with various names. The first association between the modern island of Terceira and these stories, was that of the island of Brasil; it first appears as Insula de Brasil in the Venetian map of Andrea Bianco (1436), attached to one of the larger islands of a group of islands in the Atlantic.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 9,2 x 12,5 cm; - Map shows the south part of Vaygach Island in the Arctic Sea, the Yugorsky Strait and partly Russia. - additional information: From pocket atlas; History: The island name, Waigatsch, is probably that of the explorer of the same name who visited the island in the 16th century. The island, which belongs to the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, lies east of the Barents Sea and south of the Kara Sea (parts of the Arctic Ocean, respectively). The island is a sacred place for the Nenets, who breed reindeer here, they came here every year to make ritual sacrifices. The vegetation on Waigatsch is typical for tundra. The local wildlife consists of polar bears, seals, walruses and a large population of swimming birds.

Technic: Copper print, colorit: original colored, condition: Perfect condition, size (in cm): 10 x 13,5 cm; - Map shows the African Republic of Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo) with a part of the Congo River up to its mouth into the Atlantic Ocean. The map shows rivers, mountains and cities in detail. With title cartouche, a sailing ship and a sea monster.; History: The indigenous population of today's state consisted of pygmies, who are now only a small minority. Bantu peoples immigrated for centuries. Among the states there, the Kingdom of the Congo, founded in the 14th century and one of the largest African states ever, emerged. In the 15th century, Portuguese sailors around Diogo Cão explored the area of the Congo estuary and established diplomatic relations with the Congo Empire in 1491. From the 16th century onwards, the Congo Empire was in decline. By the end of the 17th century, the kingdom was completely destroyed, as well as being exploited and looted by slave hunters. After this collapse, the Portuguese supremacy was replaced by that of the Dutch and British. At the beginning of the 18th century the Congo Empire had almost completely disintegrated. In 1866 the last Portuguese left. In the 1870s, Henry Morton Stanley from Welsh was the first European to travel to the hinterland. He proposed that the Congo be incorporated into the British colonial empire. The British government refused because it was primarily interested in the sources of the Nile. The Democratic Republic of the Congo was originally administered as the Belgian Congo by a legislative assembly and regional assemblies made up of only Europeans appointed by colonial authorities. By the late 1950s there was a greater turnout of Africans, but not full voting rights until independence when the colony was renamed Zaire. With the global striving for independence in the colonies, the pressure for state self-determination also grew in the Congo. After the first unrest in the capital Léopoldville and under pressure from the global public, Belgium suddenly withdrew from the Congo in early 1959, leaving behind a chaos. In 1960 the Congo gained independence.