Synopsis
The ects, literally "Selected Sayings" also known as the ects of Confucius, is an ancient Chinese book composed of collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been compiled and written by Confucius's followers. It is believed to have been written during the Warring States period (475-221 BC), and it achieved its final form during the mid-Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD). By the early Han dynasty the ects was considered merely a "commentary" on the Five Classics, but the status of the ects grew to be one of the central texts of Confucianism by the end of that dynasty. During the late Song dynasty (960-1279) the importance of the ects as a philosophy work was raised above that of the older Five Classics, and it was recognized as one of the "Four Books". The ects has been one of the most widely-read and studied books in China for the last 2,000 years, and continues to have a substantial influence on Chinese and East Asian thought and values today. Confucius believed that the welfare of a country depended on the moral tivation of its people, beginning from the nation's leadership. He believed that individuals could begin to tivate an all-encompassing sense of vir through ren, and that the most basic step to tivating ren was devotion to one's parents and older siblings. He taught that one's individual desires do not need to be suppressed, but that people should be educated to reconcile their desires via rituals and forms of propriety, through which people could demonstrate their respect for others and their roles in society. Confucius taught that a ruler's sense of vir was his primary prerequisite for leadership. His primary goal in educating his students was to produce ethically well-tivated men who would carry themselves with gravity and speak correctly.
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