Présentation de l'éditeur
Kru ger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus, aB oer statesman and former president of theS outh African Republic, was born inC ape Colony in 1825. When a child he went with his parents and others on the famous trek or march across the country beyond the Vaal River, to form a new settlement beyond English jurisdicti on. Kruger grew to manhood amid the scenes of the African frontier. He took part in all disturbances for years, at one time holding office under theB ritish government until dismissed under charges, after which he became an agitator for independence. In 1883 he was elected president of theS outh African Republic, and was re-elected in 1888, 1893 and 1898. He was active meantime in efforts to obtain an outlet upon the coast. Kruger was illiterate, but possessed much native ability. He ably conducted the diplomatic negotiations which preceded theB oer War, and onO ct. 9, 1899, issued the ultimatum which led to the opening of hostilities. Under the leadership of Kruger and his generals the war was prosecuted with energy and aggressiveness, theE nglish foices were defeated in several serious engagements, and not untilL ord Roberts was sent with reinforcements which augmented theE nglish army to 200,000 men were theB oers forced to give way in the unequal contest. After the loss of Bloemfontein, Johannesburg and Pretoria, President Kruger embarked for Holland, whence he appealed ineffectually to theE uropean powers to intervene in behalf of theB oers. He died on July 14, 1904. Krupp (krbop), A lfred, the head of the large iron and steel works atE ssen, Prussia, was born at that place in 1812. His father had founded a small forge there in 1810, and at his death in 1848 Alfred took control, finding more debts than fortune. Krupp established the first Bessemer steelworks in Germany and the first forging hammer. The first steel gun manufactured atE ssen was a three
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