Benedictus de Spinoza (1632-1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese/ Jewish origins. He was one of the great rationalists of his time. His work set the stage for the 18th century era of Enlightenment and modern Biblical criticism. Improvement of the Understanding is the core of Spinoza's philosophy. The treatise states that nothing is intrinsically good or bad. It is the individual's perceptions that make something appear to be good or bad. Spinoza believes in his deterministic universe that, "All things in nature proceed from certain necessity and with the utmost perfection." For Spinoza nothing happens by chance
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After experience had taught me that all the usual surroundings of social life are vain and futile; seeing that none of the objects of my fears contained in themselves anything either good or bad, except in so far as the mind is affected by them, I finally resolved to inquire whether there might be some real good having power to communicate itself, which would affect the mind singly, to the exclusion of all else: whether, in fact, there might be anything of which the discovery and attainment would enable me to enjoy continuous, supreme, and unending happiness.
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