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There are usually two distinct operations in topographical survey work. The first is that of taking the data in the field, and the second is that of making the final record of this data in the form of a plat or map. In certain forms of topographical sketching and in plane-table work, the field sheet in itself may be the final record of the data. Usually, however, the final record is in the form of a finished map drawn according to appropriate standards of topographical drawing. Many books have been published describing the field methods of instrumental surveying. Scant attention has been given, however, to the subject of topographical drawing, notwithstanding its importance in the final value of the survey work. Until recently, no standards of any kind in topographical drawing have been established, and every topographer either worked out his own system or conformed to the practice of the particular office in which he was working. In 1912, the United States Geographic Bpard adopted standard conventional signs for the use of all map-making departments of the government. These have been published in pamphlet form (as War Department Document No. 418, which can be procured from the U. S. Geological Survey Office, Washington, D. C. This pamphlet serves to establish standard forms for the varies ous conventional signs, but it leaves imtouched the almost equally important subject of standards of practice which will combine good execution with economy of draughting time. The attempt is made in this text to point the way to a satisfactory standard of practice. Proficiency in topographical drawing requires: 1. Study of the forms and practice in the execution of the individual conventional signs; 2. Study of the forms and practice in the execution of the conventional alphabets used in lettering on topographical maps; and 3. Practice in the execution of conventional sig
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