Synopsis
1 Process Modelling and Simulation Methods.- 1.1 Process Review.- 1.1.1 Preliminary and Primary Treatment Processes.- 1.1.2 Secondary Treatment Processes.- 1.1.3 Tertiary Processes.- 1.2 Modelling Preliminary and Primary Processes.- 1.3 Modelling the Activated Sludge Process.- 1.3.1 Introduction.- 1.3.2 The Aeration Tank Process.- 1.3.3 Clarifier Tank Model.- 1.3.4 Interim Conclusions.- 1.4 Uses of the Model.- 1.4.1 Sub-Unit Studies.- 1.4.2 Process Train Studies.- 1.4.3 On-line Process Control.- 1.5 Modelling Principles.- 1.5.1 Process Control and the Modelling Activity.- 1.5.2 Modelling from Physical Principles.- 1.5.3 Black Box Modelling Methods.- 1.5.4 Hierarchical System Modelling and Simulation.- 1.6 Conclusions.- 1.7 Further Reading.- 2 Process Control Structures.- 2.1 The Actuator - Plant and - Measurement Sequence.- 2.1.1 A Tank Level Process.- 2.1.2 The Measurement Device.- 2.1.3 Summary: Component Transfer Functions.- 2.2 A Unified Actuator - Plant - Measurement Processes.- 2.3 Process Disturbances.- 2.3.1 Supply and Load Disturbances.- 2.3.2 Noise Disturbances.- 2.3.3 Summary Conclusions.- 2.4 Open Loop Control.- 2.4.1 The Basic Principle.- 2.4.2 The Problems with Open Loop Control.- 2.5 The Feedback Control Loop.- 2.5.1 A Simple Feedback Loop.- 2.5.2 Some Definitions.- 2.5.3 The Feedback Loop Analysis.- 2.5.4 Feedback Control Objectives: A Full List.- 2.6 On-Off Control.- 2.6.1 Basic Principles.- 2.6.2 Performance Assessment in a Wastewater Application.- 2.7 Three Term Controllers.- 2.7.1 PID Controller Technology.- 2.7.2 Basic PID Control Properties.- 2.7.3 Industrial PID Controller Features.- 2.7.4 PID Controller Tuning.- 2.7.5 Process Reaction Curve Method.- 2.7.6 Sustained Oscillation PID Tuning Method.- 2.7.7 Autotune PID Control.- 2.7.8 PID Control Performance.- 2.8 Cascade Control Loops.- 2.8.1 Cascade Control Example.- 2.8.2 General Cascade Control Principles.- 2.8.3 Cascade Control Loop Tuning.- 2.9 Ratio Control.- 2.10 Feedforward Control.- 2.10.1 The Feedforward/Feedback Control Structure.- 2.10.2 Example in the Waste Water Industry.- 2.11 Inferential Control.- 2.11.1 Inferential Control in the Wastewater Industry.- 2.12 Advanced Control Features: Methods of Controller Adaptation.- 2.12.1 Gain Scheduling.- 2.12.2 On-line Self-Tuning Control.- 2.13 Conclusions.- 2.14 Further Reading.- 3 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems and Virtual Instrumentation.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Economic Benefits.- 3.3 A Classification For Supervisory Control Problems.- 3.4 Technological Background.- 3.4.1 Centralised Architecture.- 3.4.2 The Distributed Architecture.- 3.4.3 Supervisory Control System For Wastewater Treatment Plants.- 3.5 Distributed Control System Technology.- 3.5.1 Generic Functional Modules.- 3.5.2 Real-time Data Highway.- 3.5.3 Host Computer Interfaces and PLC Gateways.- 3.5.4 Power Distribution System.- 3.6 Functionality of the DCS.- 3.6.1 Data Acquisition and Processing.- 3.6.2 Low Level Process Control.- 3.6.3 Sequencing.- 3.6.4 Alarm Management.- 3.6.5 Operator Real-time Displays.- 3.6.6 Data Logging.- 3.6.7 Plant Performance Assessment.- 3.7 On Designing Supervisory Control.- 3.8 Virtual Instrumentation (VI) and a Design Exercise.- 3.8.1 Introduction.- 3.8.2 Virtual Versus Real Instrumentation.- 3.8.3 VI and Intelligent Instruments.- 3.9 Conclusions.- 3.10 Further Reading.- 4 Quality Control For Dynamic Processes.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.1.1 Understanding the Process.- 4.1.2 Flowcharting.- 4.2 Data Collection and Presentation.- 4.2.1 Data Presentation: Histograms, Charts and Graphs.- 4.3 Elementary Statistical Measures.- 4.4 Process Variations.- 4.5 Process Control.- 4.5.1 Mean Chart.- 4.5.2 Range Chart.- 4.6 Assessment of Process Stability.- 4.7 Process Capability Indices.- 4.8 Example.- 4.9 Conclusions.- 4.10 Further Reading.- 5 Sensors and Actuators.- 5.1 Physical Measurement: Level.- 5.1.1 Ultrasonic Level Sensor.- 5.1.2 Capacitance Level Sensor.- 5.2 Physical Measurement: Flow.- 5.2.1
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