Articles liés à Geochemical Aspects of Radioactive Waste Disposal
Synopsis
1. Introduction.- 2. Radioactive Waste Management.- Objectives of the National Waste Terminal Storage Program.- International Programs.- 3. Natural Radiation in the Geochemical Environment.- Geochemical Environment.- Background Radiation.- Some Comments.- 4. Types of Radioactive Waste and the Multibarrier System.- Radioactive Wastes.- The Multibarrier Concept.- Uncertainties and Their Resolution.- Criticality.- Summary.- 5. Geochronology and Radwaste.- The Importance of Radiometric Age Determinations.- Uranium-Lead.- Thorium-Lead.- Potassium-Argon.- Rubidium-Strontium.- Uranium-Ruthenium Age Determination.- Importance of Combined U-Pb, Th-Pb, K-Ar, and Rb-Sr Ages.- Some Examples.- HLW-TRU Radionuclide Behavior in Rock Systems: Evidence from Oklo and Other Sources.- Some Conclusions.- 6. Geologic Sites: Generic Cases.- Geologic Disposal of Radioactive Wastes.- Bedded Salt and Salt Dome Deposits.- Granites.- Shale.- Basalt.- Tuffaceous Rocks.- Geohydrologic Considerations.- Concluding Statement.- 7. Geologic Repositories: Specific Sites.- The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Site.- Geochronologic Studies.- Groundwater Hydrologic Studies.- Fate of Radionuclides Released from Hypothetical Critical Assemblies of Actinides.- Formation of Secondary Minerals.- Near Field Effects: Canister Metals plus Uranium.- Metal-Oxyhalide Reactions and Naturally Occurring Halides and Oxyhalides.- Other Reactions.- The Basalt Waste Isolation Plant Site.- The Climax Granite of the Nevada Test Site.- Tuffaceous Rocks of the Nevada Test Site.- Bedded Salts of the Paradox Basin Area.- Salt Domes of the Gulf Coastal Region.- Some Conclusions.- 8. Alternate Plans for Waste Disposal.- Subseabed Disposal.- Other Alternate Waste Disposal Proposals.- Very Deep Hole Waste Disposal.- Rock Melt Disposal.- Island Disposal.- Ice Sheet Disposal.- Well Injection Disposal.- Transmutation.- Space Disposal.- Conclusions.- 9. Low Level Radioactive Wastes and Their Siting.- Low-Level Radioactive Wastes.- LLW Handling and Treatment.- Use of Poisoned Land/Inland Seas for Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal.- Transportation.- Decommissioning.- Interim Storage of Commercial Low-Level Radioactive Waste.- Conclusions.- 10. Uranium Milling and Mill Talings.- Uranium Milling.- Acid Leaching.- Alkaline Leaching.- Recovery Processes.- Other Stripping Methods.- Recovery of Uranium from Phosphates.- Uranium Mill Tailings.- Other Emissions.- Controlling Impacts of Milling Operations.- Uranium Mill Tailings Disposal Programs.- Radon Risk.- Other Toxic and Hazardous Species.- Risks to Uranium Mill Workers.- Inactive Mill Sites.- Conclusions.- 11. Natural Analogs.- Eh-pH Diagrams.- Stability Limits of Water: 25°C to 200°C.- Reference Diagrams for Uranium.- Americium.- Curium.- Neptunium.- Plutonium.- Concluding Statements.- Oklo Studies.- Behavior of Specific Elements at Oklo.- Fissiogenic Elements at Oklo: Elements from Z-34 to Z-71.- Nonfissiogenic Elements at Oklo.- Comments on Oklo Studies.- Concluding Statements on Oklo.- Studies of the Eldora-Bryan Stock: Idaho Springs Formation, Colorado.- Rb-Sr Geochronology.- REE Distribution Patterns.- Other Studies.- Concluding Statements on the Eldora-Idaho Springs Problem.- Alamosa River Stock-Platoro Complex Studies.- Other Analogs.- Conclusions.- 12. Waste Forms.- Glasses.- Crystalline Waste Forms.- Cement.- Cermet.- Calcine.- Composite Waste Forms.- Synroc.- Properties of Waste-Form Materials.- Leaching.- Conclusions.- 13. Engineered Backfill and Canisters.- Engineered Backfill.- Canister and Other Corrosion-Resistant Structural Components.- Conclusions.- 14. Toxicity.- Geotoxicity Index.- Data for GHI Calculations.- Concluding Statements.- 15. Conclusions.- References.
Les informations fournies dans la section « Synopsis » peuvent faire référence à une autre édition de ce titre.