Synopsis
1. The History of Quantitative Neuroanatomy.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Early History of Drawing Neurons.- 1.3. How the Microscope Handicaps the User.- 1.3.1. Medium.- 1.3.2. Perspective.- 1.3.3. Magnification.- 1.3.4. Contrast.- 1.3.5. Measurement.- 1.4. Drawing with the Camera Lucida.- 1.5. The Pantograph: A Plotter for the Microscope.- 1.6. Physical Model Building.- 1.7. Early Attempts at Statistical Summaries.- 1.8. How the Computer Helps Visualizing and Summarizing.- 1.9. For Further Reading.- 1.10. What This Book Presents.- 2. Laboratory Computer Hardware.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Overview of Key Components.- 2.2.1. Bus.- 2.2.2. Central Processing Unit.- 2.2.3. Memory.- 2.2.4. Disks.- 2.2.5. Disk Drives.- 2.2.6. Keyboard.- 2.2.7. Terminal.- 2.2.8. Graphics Board.- 2.2.9. Ports.- 2.2.10. Analog-to-Digital Converter.- 2.3. Concepts and Definitions.- 2.3.1. Forms of Data.- 2.3.2. Analog and Digital Values.- 2.3.3. Storage of Digital Data.- 2.4. Computing Hardware Described in Some Depth.- 2.4.1. Central Processing Unit.- 2.4.2. Math Coprocessors.- 2.4.3. Random Access Memory.- 2.4.4. Disks.- 2.4.5. Magnetic Tapes.- 2.4.6. Graphics Display Cards.- 2.4.7. Computer Speeds.- 2.4.8. Bus.- 2.4.9. Plotters.- 2.4.10. Printers.- 2.4.11. Analog-to-Digital Converter.- 2.4.12. Digital-to-Analog Converter.- 2.4.13. Modem.- 2.4.14. Graphics Display Systems.- 2.4.15. Data Tablets.- 2.4.16. Mouse.- 2.4.17. Joysticks.- 2.4.18. Trackball.- 2.4.19. Stepping Motors.- 2.4.20. Components Used for Sensing Position and Motion.- 2.4.21. Ports.- 2.5. Physical Construction of Laboratory Computers.- 2.6. Common Laboratory Computers.- 2.6.1. IBM PC.- 2.6.2. IBM XT.- 2.6.3. IBM AT.- 2.6.4. 80386 Machines.- 2.6.5. IBM Personal System/2.- 2.6.6. Apple II.- 2.6.7. Macintosh.- 2.6.8. Macintosh II.- 2.6.9. VME-Bus Machines.- 2.6.10. DEC PDP-11.- 2.6.11. DEC VAX.- 2.7. Purchasing a Computer.- 2.7.1. Clones.- 2.7.2. Compatibility.- 2.8. For Further Reading.- 3. Software in the Neuroanatomy Laboratory.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. How Software is Written.- 3.2.1. Source Files.- 3.2.2. Translation and Execution.- 3.3. System Software.- 3.3.1. Operating Systems.- 3.3.2. Time-Sharing (Multiuser) Operating Systems.- 3.3.3. Language Translators.- 3.3.4. Text Editors (Word Processors).- 3.4. Applications Software.- 3.4.1. Specific Laboratory Tasks.- 3.4.2. General Laboratory Tasks.- 3.5. Common Programming Languages.- 3.5.1. C.- 3.5.2. FORTRAN.- 3.5.3. BASIC.- 3.5.4. Other Programming Languages.- 3.5.5. High-Level Proprietary Languages.- 3.6. Software Costs and Productivity.- 3.6.1. Software Costs Related to Hardware Costs.- 3.6.2. Software Costs Related to Software Level.- 3.6.3. Programs and Program Products.- 3.6.4. How to Get the Job Done.- 3.7. The Vendor's Dilemma.- 3.8. For Further Reading.- 4. Semiautomatic Entry of Neuron Trees from the Microscope.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Principles of Semiautomatic Neuron Tracing.- 4.2.1. The Marriage of the Researcher to the Computer.- 4.2.2. A Single Pass over the Data.- 4.2.3. Identify Different Structures in Their Environment.- 4.2.4. Feedback.- 4.2.5. Work from the Best Image.- 4.3. The UNC Neuron-Tracing System.- 4.3.1. Hardware of the UNC Neuron-Tracing System.- 4.3.2. Control of the Stage.- 4.3.3. Coordinate System and Origins in the UNC Neuron-Tracing System.- 4.3.4. Outlining a Soma with the UNC System.- 4.3.5. Tracing a Dendrite with the UNC System.- 4.3.6. Locating and Outlining Other Structures.- 4.3.7. The Storage of Traced Data.- 4.3.8. Advantages of Vector Graphics in Neuron Tracing.- 4.4. Other Neuron-Tracing Techniques.- 4.4.1. Alternatives to Motorizing the Stage.- 4.4.2. Alternatives to the Computer-Generated Overlay.- 4.4.3. Alternative Stage Control Methods.- 4.5. For Further Reading.- 5. Input from Serial Sections.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. History.- 5.3. Purpose of Serial Section Reconstruction.- 5.4. Entering Serial Sections into the Computer.- 5.4.1. Using a Data Tablet.- 5.4.2. Types of Images.- 5
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