Synopsis
Chapter 1: Densitometry Techniques Plain Radiography in the Assessment of Bone Density. Qualitative Morphometry. Qualitative Spinal Morphometry. The Singh Index. Quantitative Morphometric Techniques. Calcar Femorale Thickness. Radiogrammetry. The Radiologic Osteoporosis Score. Radiographic Photodensitometry. Radiographic Absorptiometry. Photon Absorptiometry Techniques. Single-Photon Absorptiometry. Dual-Photon Absorptiometry. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. Peripheral DXA. Single-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. Quantitative Computed Tomography. Peripheral QCT. Quantitative Ultrasound Bone Densitometry. References. Chapter 2: Skeletal Anatomy in Densitometry Characterizing the Skeleton in Densitometry. The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton. The Weight-Bearing and Nonweight-Bearing Skeleton. The Central and Peripheral Skeleton. The Trabecular/Cortical Composition of the Skeleton. Forearm Composition. Vertebral Composition. Femoral Composition. All Sites. The Spine in Densitometry. Vertebral Anatomy. Artifacts in PA or AP Spine Densitometry. Vertebral Fractures. Degenerative Changes and Dystrophic Calcification. Effect of Osteophytes on BMD. Effect of Aortic Calcification on BMD. Effect of Facet Sclerosis on BMD. The Vertebral Rotation and PA Lumbar Spine Bone Density. Other Causes of Artifacts in PA and AP Lumbar Spine Studies. The Spine in the Lateral Projection. The Proximal Femur in Densitometry. Proximal Femur Anatomy. Effect of Rotation on BMD in the Proximal Femur. Effect of Leg Dominance on BMD in the Proximal Femur. Effect of Scoliosis, Osteoarthritis, Osteophytes, Surgery, and Fracture on BMD in the Proximal Femur. The Forearm in Densitometry. Nomenclature. Effect of Arm Dominance on Forearm BMD. Effect of Artifacts on BMD in the Forearm. The Metacarpals, Phalanges, and Calcaneus. Bone Physiology. Bone Growth, Modeling, and Remodeling. Bone Modeling. Bone Remodeling. The Basic Multicellular Unit in Bone Remodeling. References. Chapter 3: Statistics in Densitometry The Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation. The Mean. The Variance and Standard Deviation. Coefficient of Variation. Standard Scores. Z-Scores. T-Scores. Standard Scores on Bone Density Reports. Measures of Risk. Prevalence and Incidence. Prevalence. Incidence. Absolute, Relative, and Attributable Risk. Absolute Risk. Relative Risk. Attributable Risk. Odds Ratios. Confidence Intervals. Accuracy and Precision. Accuracy. Precision. Types of Data. Quantitative Data. Qualitative or Categorical Data. Data and Variables. Correlation. Statistical Significance and the P Value. Regression Analysis. Statistical Evaluations of Diagnostic Tests. Sensitivity and Specificity. Likelihood Ratios. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves. Regression to the Mean. References. Chapter 4: Quality Control Phantoms. The European Spine Phantom. The Bona Fide Spine Phantom. The Hologic Spine and Hip Phantoms. The Lunar Spine Phantom. Using the Phantom to Create Control Tables and Charts. Shewhart Rules and CUSUM Charts. Shewhart Rules. CUSUM Charts. Automated Quality Control Procedures. Replacing a Densitometer. References. Chapter 5: Bone Density Data: From DPA to DXA and Manufacturer to Manufacturer From DPA to DXA. Hologic DXA and Lunar DPA. Lunar DXA and Lunar DPA. Hologic DXA, Lunar DXA, and Lunar DPA. DXA: From Lunar to Hologic to Norland. Hologic DXA and Norland DXA. Lunar DXA and Hologic DXA. Standardization of Absolute BMD Results. Standardization of Central DXA Absolute BMD Values. Standardization of DXA BMD Results for the Femoral Neck, Trochanter, and Ward's Area. Standardization of Forearm DXA Results. The Utility of the sBMD. From DXA Machine to DXA Machine Within Manufacturers. From Pencil-Beam to Fan-Array DXA Data. Reference Databases. References. Chapter 6: The Effects of Age, Disease, Procedures, and Drugs on Bone Density Age-Related Changes in Bo
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