In the book of First Maccabees, we find Antiochus IV issued a decree forbidding the Jews' religious practice. One Jewish family of a rural Jewish priest from Modiin, Mattathias the Hasmonean and his sons, began a revolt against the Seleucid Empire by refusing to worship the Greek gods. Mattathias killed a Hellenistic Jew who sacrificed to an idol. Afterward, he and his five sons fled to the wilderness of Judah and began a revolt that would change the Jewish world. After Mattathias' death about one year later in 166 BCE, his son Judah Maccabee led an army of Jewish dissidents to victory over the Seleucid dynasty in guerrilla warfare. Judah's nickname "Maccabbeus," now used in popular culture to describe the Jewish partisans as a whole, is taken from the Hebrew word for "hammer". Maccabees, originally written in Hebrew and surviving in a Greek translation, relates the history of the Maccabees from 175 BCE until 134 BCE.2 Maccabees is a Greek abridgment of an earlier history in Hebrew, relates the history of the Maccabees down to 161 BCE, focusing on Judas Maccabaeus, discussing praying for the dead and offerings.3 Maccabees is a Greek book relating to a 3rd-century BCE persecution of the Jews of Egypt.4 Maccabees is a philosophic discourse praising the supremacy of reason over passion, using the Maccabean martyrs as examples.5 Maccabees is an Arab language history from 186 BCE to 6 BCE.
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