Activity Patterns in Small Mammals: An Ecological Approach - Couverture souple
Livre 50 sur 91: Ecological Studies
Synopsis
Section 1 Introduction.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Two States of Life.- 1.2 Diel Patterns and the Biological Clock.- 1.3 Doing the Right Thing at the Right Time.- 1.4 History of an Idea.- 1.5 Why Do We Know That Little?.- 1.6 Why Small Mammals?.- 1.7 About this Book.- References.- Section II Theoretical Considerations.- Theoretical Considerations - Introduction.- 2 Activity Patterns and the Biological Clock in Mammals.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Circadian Clock.- 2.3 Circadian Clocks in Mammals.- 2.3.1 General Features.- 2.3.2 Temperature Effects on the Circadian Clock.- 2.3.3 Physiological Influences on the Circadian Clock.- 2.4 Entrainment of Rhythms by Light and Other Signals.- 2.4.1 Light.- 2.4.2 Food Availability.- 2.4.3 Non-photic Zeitgebers.- 2.4.4 Social Factors.- 2.5 Localisation of the Circadian Clock in Mammals.- 2.5.1 The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.- 2.5.2 Anatomy and Neurochemistry of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.- 2.6 Overview of the Major Activity Pattern Types in Mammals.- 2.6.1 Terminology.- 2.6.2 Nocturnal.- 2.6.3 Diurnal.- 2.6.4 Crepuscular.- 2.6.5 Ultradian.- 2.6.6 Acyclic.- 2.7 Effects of Semi-natural Environments in the Laboratory on Activity Patterns.- 2.8 Daily Activity Patterns: Flexibility, Variability and Interaction with Other Rhythms.- 2.8.1 Between Species in Their Activity Patterns.- 2.8.2 Species Variability in Activity Patterns.- 2.8.3 Interactions of Circannual Rhythms with Circadian Rhythms.- 2.9 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Activity Patterns and Metabolism.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Energy Budget and Its Limits.- 3.3 The Structure of Energy Budgets.- 3.4 Food Acquisition: Foraging Rates, Foraging Costs.- 3.4.1 Indirect Estimates Based on Allometry.- 3.4.2 Foraging Rates Estimated from Activity Budgets.- 3.5 Constraints on Foraging Activity.- 3.5.1 The Model.- 3.5.2 Numerical Solution and Empirical Evidence.- 3.6 Activity Patterns Under High Energy Loads.- 3.7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 Ecological Relevance of Daily Activity Patterns.- 4.1 Increasing Fitness by Activity Timing.- 4.2 Autecological Advantages of Appropriate Timing.- 4.2.1 Shiftwork in the Habitat.- 4.2.2 A Matter of Season.- 4.3 Inter-individual Aspects.- 4.3.1 Community Life.- 4.3.1.1 Spacing Behaviour.- 4.3.1.2 Social Contacts.- 4.3.2 Tied by Conflict.- 4.3.2.1 Prey.- 4.3.2.2 Predators.- 4.3.2.3 Temporal Coevolution?.- 4.3.3 The Temporal Niche.- 4.4 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Section III Empirical Findings.- Empirical Findings - Introduction.- 5 Weasels and Martens - Carnivores in Northern Latitudes.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Metabolic Consequences of Mustelid Size and Shape.- 5.3 Proximate and Ultimate Effects on Activity.- 5.3.1 Foraging Time, Meal Patterning and Digestive Constraints.- 5.3.2 The Visual System.- 5.3.3 Temperature and Season.- 5.3.4 Competition.- 5.3.5 Predator Avoidance.- 5.3.6 Social and Reproductive Behaviour.- 5.3.7 Prey Availability.- 5.4 Conclusions.- References.- 6 Mongooses, Civets and Genets - Carnivores in Southern Latitudes.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 General Trends in Activity Patterns.- 6.2.1 Overview.- 6.2.2 Relationships Between Activity Patterns and Ecological Attributes.- 6.3 Activity Patterns of Egyptian Mongooses and European Genets.- 6.3.1 Data Collection.- 6.3.2 Start and End of Activity.- 6.3.3 Total Activity Time per 24-h Day.- 6.3.4 Time Budget.- 6.3.5 Relationships Between Predators and Prey Activity.- 6.4 Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- 7 Squirrels - Medium-Sized Granivores in Woodland Habitats.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 The Daily Activity Pattern.- 7.2.1 General Pattern and Seasonal Variation.- 7.2.2 Geographical Variation.- 7.3 Foraging Behaviour and the Activity Pattern.- 7.3.1 Foraging and Activity of Red Squirrels in Coniferous Woods.- 7.3.1.1 Winter (December-February).- 7.3.1.2 Spring (March-May).- 7.3.1.3 Summer (June-August).- 7.3.1.4 Autumn (September-November).- 7.3.2 Habitat Effects.- 7.4 Activity Pattern and Intraspecific Competition.- 7.4.1 Sex Diff
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