Herbicide Classes in Development: Mode of Action, Targets, Genetic Engineering, Chemistry - Couverture souple
Synopsis
1 Acetolactate Synthase Inhibitors.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Acetolactate Synthase-Inhibiting Herbicides Actively Developed in the Late 1990s.- 1.3 Discovery of Pyrimidinyl Carboxy Herbicides (Pyrimidinylsalicylate Class Herbicides).- 1.3.1 Discovery of the Lead Structures.- 1.3.2 Discovery and Optimizations of the Secondary Lead Structure.- 1.3.3 Further Optimizations of the Pyrimidinyl Carboxy Herbicides.- 1.4 Herbicidal Activity of Pyrimidinyl Carboxy Herbicides.- 1.4.1 Pyrithiobac-Sodium for Use in Cotton.- 1.4.2 Bispyribac-Sodium for Use in Rice.- 1.4.3 Bispyribac-Sodium for Vegetation Management.- 1.4.4 Pyriminobac-Methyl for Use in Rice.- 1.5 Physiological Plant Response to Pyrimidinyl Carboxy Herbicides.- 1.6 Mode of Action and Selectivity of Pyrimidinyl Carboxy Herbicides.- 1.6.1 Primary Target.- 1.6.2 Inhibition of Bacterial Acetolactate Synthase.- 1.6.3 Selectivity.- 1.7 Biological Characteristics of the Target Enzyme.- 1.7.1 Kinetic Studies of Plant Acetolactate Synthase.- 1.7.2 Subunit Compositions of Plant Acetolactate Synthase.- 1.7.3 Recombinant Systems.- 1.8 Inhibition Mechanism of the Target Enzyme by Pyrimidinyl Carboxy Herbicides.- 1.8.1 Inhibition Kinetics with Plant Acetolactate Synthase.- 1.8.2 Inhibition Kinetics with Bacterial Acetolactate Synthase.- 1.9 Molecular Genetics of Target Enzyme.- 1.9.1 Acetolactate Synthase Genes of Plants.- 1.9.2 Acetolactate Synthase-Inhibiting Herbicide-Resistant Crops (Including Arabidopsis thaliana) and Their Acetolactate Synthase Genes.- 1.9.3 Acetolactate Synthase-Inhibiting Herbicide-Resistant Weeds and Their Acetolactate Synthase Genes.- 1.9.4 Genetic Engineering.- References.- 2 Bleaching Herbicides: Action Mechanism in Carotenoid Biosynthesis, Structural Requirements and Engineering of Resistance.- 2.1 Herbicidal Effect and Mode of Action.- 2.2 Interaction of Inhibitors with Carotene Desaturation.- 2.3 Structural Requirements for an Inhibitor of Phytoene Desaturase.- 2.4 Strategies for Genetic Engineering of Herbicide Resistance by Modification of the Carotenogenic Pathway.- 2.4.1 Overexpression of a Susceptible Lycopene Cyclase in Synechococcus.- 2.4.2 Selection of Mutants with Resistant Phytoene Desaturase and Gene Transfer into Tobacco.- 2.4.3 Naturally Resistant Phytoene Desaturase from Bacteria and Genetic Engineering of a Resistant Tobacco.- 2.5 Conclusion and Perspectives.- References.- 3 Inhibitors of Aromatic Amino Acid Biosynthesis (Glyphosate).- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Symptoms of Herbicidal Activity.- 3.3 Mode of Action of Glyphosate.- 3.3.1 Overview of the Mode of Action.- 3.3.2 Primary Mode of Action.- 3.3.2.1 Biochemical Characteristics of the Target Enzyme.- 3.3.2.2 Structural Characteristics of the Target Enzyme.- 3.3.2.3 Interaction Between 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-Phosphate Synthase and Glyphosate.- 3.3.2.4 Molecular Requirements for Herbicidal Activity of Glyphosate.- 3.3.3 Secondary Physiological Consequences of Inhibition of 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-Phosphate Synthase.- 3.3.3.1 Inhibition of Chorismate Synthesis.- 3.3.3.2 Depletion of Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction Cycle Intermediate Metabolites.- 3.3.3.3 Development of Secondary Damage Symptoms.- 3.3.3.4 Bases of Development of Lethal Symptoms Among Species.- 3.4 Mechanisms for Resistance and Tolerance to Glyphosate.- 3.4.1 Development of Commercially Valuable Glyphosate-Resistant Plants.- 3.4.2 Tolerance to Field Doses of Glyphosate in Field-Grown Plants.- 3.5 Summary.- References.- 4 Inhibitors of Glutamine Synthetase.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Plant Glutamine Synthetase Isoforms and Their Function.- 4.3 Glutamine Synthetase Inhibitors.- 4.4 Discovery of the Herbicidal Activity of Phosphinothricin and Bialaphos.- 4.5 Mode of Glutamine Synthetase Inhibition.- 4.6 Effects of Glutamine Synthetase Inhibitors in Plants.- 4.6.1 Visible Symptoms of Herbicidal Action.- 4.6.2 Physiological Effects of Glutamine Synthetase Inhibition in Plants by Phosphinothricin.- 4.7 Attempts to Generate Selectivity
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