Synopsis
Preface.- About the Editors.- Authors.- Section I: Overview and Basic Principles.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Remote Sensing Defined.- 1.3 The Nature of Remote Sensing Data.- 1.4 Satellite Systems.- 1.4.1 Remote Sensing Platforms.- 1.4.2 Remote Sensing Sensors.- 1.4.3 Spatial Resolution.- 1.4.4 Temporal Resolution.- 1.5 Remote Sensing and Hydrology.- 1.6 Structure of the Book.- 2 Physical Principles and Technical Aspects of Remote Sensing.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Radiation Laws.- 2.3 Atmospheric Propagation.- 2.4 Reflection and Emission Characteristics of Natural Media.- 2.5 Sensor Principles.- 2.6 Summary of Current and Future Earth Observation Missions.- 3 Processing Remotely Sensed Data: Hardware and Software Considerations.- 3.1 Image Processing System Characteristics.- 3.1.1 The Central Processing Unit (CPU): Personal Computers, Workstations and Mainframes.- 3.1.2 Number of Analysts on a System and Mode of Operation.- 3.1.3 Serial versus Parallel Image Processing, Arithmetic Coprocessor, and Random Access Memory (RAM).- 3.1.4 Operating System and Software Compilers.- 3.1.5 Mass Storage.- 3.1.6 Screen Display Resolution.- 3.1.7 Screen Color Resolution.- 3.1.8 Image Scanning (Digitization) Considerations.- 3.2 Image Processing and GIS Software Requirement.- 3.2.1 Preprocessing.- 3.2.2 Display and Enhancement.- 3.2.3 Remote Sensing Information Extraction.- 3.2.4 Photogrammetric Information Extraction.- 3.2.5 Metadata and Image/Map Lineage Documentation.- 3.2.6 Image and Map Cartographic Composition.- 3.2.7 Geographic Information Systems (GIS).- 3.2.8 Utilities.- 3.3 Commercial and Publicly Available Digital Image Processing Systems.- 3.4 Summary.- 4 Integration of Remotely Sensed Data into Geographical Information Systems.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 General Approach.- 4.2.1 Raster and Vector Data Structures.- 4.2.2 Current Approaches to the Integration.- 4.2.3 Errors Associated with Geographical Processing.- 4.3 Current Applications.- 4.3.1 Watershed Database Development.- 4.3.2 Integrated Use of Elevation Data.- 4.3.3 Land-use/Land-cover Change Detection.- 4.3.4 Modeling Watershed Runoff.- 4.3.5 Monitoring and Modeling of Water Quality.- 4.3.6 Soil Erosion Monitoring.- 4.4 Future Perspectives.- Section II: Remote Sensing Application to Hydrologic Monitoring and Modeling.- 5 Remote Sensing in Hydrological Modeling.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Remote Sensing in Operational Hydrologic Modeling.- 5.3 Remote Sensing in Coupled Water-Energy Balance Modeling.- 5.4 Remote Sensing Approach.- 5.4.1 Solar radiation.- 5.4.2 Do wnwelling longwave.- 5.4.3 Precipitation.- 5.4.4 Air Temperature.- 5.4.5 Surface Air Humidity.- 5.5 Modeling Example: The Red River Arkansas Basin.- 5.6 Future Directions.- Colour Plates of Chaps. 2-5.- 6 Precipitation 1ll.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 General Approach.- 6.2.1 Ground-based radar.- 6.2.2 Use of visible and infrared satellite data.- 6.2.3 Use of passive microwave satellite data.- 6.2.4 Space-borne radar.- 6.3 Current Techniques.- 6.3.1 Single polarisation radar measurements of rainfall.- 6.3.2 Measurement of snowfall and hail.- 6.3.3 Multi-parameter radar.- 6.3.4 Satellite cloud indexing and life history methods of rainfall estimation.- 6.3.5 Bispectral techniques.- 6.3.6 Passive microwave estimates of rainfall from space.- 6.3.7 Sampling errors.- 6.4 The potential for improvement.- 6.4.1 Current performance levels.- 6.4.2 The future.- 7 Land-use and Catchment Characteristics.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Land cover Mapping with Remote Sensing.- 7.3 Vegetation Indices.- 7.3.1 Simple Vegetation Indices.- 7.3.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).- 7.3.3 Refined estimates.- 7.3.4 Multi-temporal Vegetation Index.- 7.4 Thematic Classification.- 7.4.1 Image Classification Methods.- 7.4.2 Maximum Likelihood Classification.- 7.4.3 Discussion.- 7.4.4 Probability estimation refinements.- 7.4.5 Segmentation.- 7.4.6 Case study in the Pantanal Area, Brazil.- 7.5 Radar.- 8
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