Synopsis
1 Equilibrium Thermodynamics.- 1.1 Chemical Potentials and Activities.- Thermodynamic Preliminaries; The Electrochemical Potential.- The Interphase Equilibrium Condition.- Electrochemical Potentials in Terms of Measurable Solution Variables: Introduction, and the Effect of Electrostatic Potential.- The Gibbs-Duhem Equation.- Dependence of the Chemical Potential on Pressure.- Dependence of the Chemical Potential on Composition.- Units.- Activity and Activity Coefficient.- 1.2 Ion Equilibrium Across Membranes.- The Nernst Equilibrium.- Origin of the Nernst Potential.- Specific Ion Electrodes.- Activity Coefficient Considerations.- The Donnan Equilibrium.- 1.3 Chemical Equilibrium.- 2 Free Diffusion.- 2.1 Free Diffusion of Nonelectrolytes.- The Teorell Equation.- Integration of the Teorell Equation; Fick's First Law.- Unstirred Layers.- A Few Remarks About Solute Permeability.- Applications of Solution Theory.- Fick's Second Law and Convective Diffusion.- 2.2 Free Diffusion of Electrolytes.- Differences Between Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Diffusion.- The Electrodiffusion Equation.- Integration of the Electrodiffusion Equation.- Some Special Cases.- Charged Membranes.- 3 Facilitated Diffusion.- 3.1 Mechanisms of Channels and Carriers.- Hallmarks of Facilitated Transport.- Ion Selectivity of Channels.- Energetics of Ion Selectivity, and Steric Effects.- Ion Selectivity of Channels: Summary.- The Structure of Ion Channels: Filters, Gates, and Energy Profiles.- Regulation of the Gating Process.- Classification of Channels.- Channel Transport of Anions and Divalent Cations.- Some Carrier Models.- Carriers and Channels: Convergences and Differences.- 3.2 Kinetics of Facilitated Transport.- The Simplest Carrier: Assumptions.- Physical Significance of the Rate Constants and Carrier Concentrations.- The Simplest Carrier: Equations.- More Complex Carrier Models.- Energy Barrier Models of Channel Transport.- Membrane Noise Analysis.- 3.3 Inhibition of Carrier Transport.- Competitive Inhibition.- Countertransport: The Other Side of Competitive Inhibition.- Noncompetitive Inhibition.- 4 Active Transport.- 4.1 Active Transport: General Considerations.- Metabolic Coupling and Affinity.- Metabolism in Brief.- Classification of Active Transport Processes.- Identification of Active Transport Processes.- 4.2 Mechanisms of Active Transport.- Scalar Active Transport.- Primary Scalar Transport.- Secondary Scalar Transport.- Vectorial Coupling and the Curie Theorem.- Mechanisms of Vectorial Active Transport; Substrate Activation.- Models of Sodium-Potassium Exchange.- Selectivity and Other Carrier Properties.- Endocytosis.- 4.3 Kinetics of Active Transport.- A Simple Secondary Scalar Transport Model: Assumptions.- A Simple Secondary Scalar Transport Model: Equations.- More Complex Symport Models.- Primary Scalar Transport.- Flux Equations for Primary Scalar Transport.- Relation Between the Coupling Parameter ? and the Affinity of the Metabolic Reaction.- Vectorial Active Transport.- Pumps and Leaks: Introduction.- Slippage.- Shunts.- 5 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics.- 5.1 The Basic Phenomenological Equations.- Conjugate Forces and Fluxes.- Phenomenological Coefficients and Linear Thermodynamics.- Frictional Interpretation of the Phenomenological Equations.- A Cautionary Note Before Proceeding.- 5.2 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic Description of Passive Transport.- Setting the Stage.- The Chemical Potential of the Solvent.- A New Set of Forces and Fluxes; Osmotic Pressure.- The Kedem-Katchalsky Equations.- Physical Significance of the Reflection Coefficient.- Osmotic Pressure of Electrolyte Solutions; Donnan Osmotic Pressure.- Passive Transport of Multiple Nonelectrolytes.- Passive Transport of Electrolytes; Electrokinetic Phenomena.- 5.3 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic Description of Active Transport.- Definition of Active Transport.- Coupling Between Nonconjugate Forces and Fluxes.- 5.4 Limitations of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics.- Closeness to Equilib
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