Articles liés à Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants
Synopsis
1 Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants: A Review of Terminology, Biogeographic patterns, Ecological Correlates, and Phylogenetic Approaches.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Terminology.- 1.3 Incidence of Dioecy.- 1.3.1 Overview.- 1.3.2 Ecological Associations.- 1.3.3 Geographic Patterns.- 1.4 Importance of Phylogenetic Approaches.- 1.5 Using Phylogenies to Understand Process and Pattern.- 1.5.1 Phylogenetic Distributions.- 1.5.2 Self-Incompatibility and Dioecy.- 1.5.3 Dioecy and Fleshy Fruits.- 1.5.4 Habitat Shifts, Pollination Biology, and Changes in Outcrossing Rates.- 1.6 Conclusions.- References.- 2 Theories of the Evolution of Dioecy.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Importance of Theoretical Models.- 2.3 Pathways to Dioecy.- 2.4 Theoretical Relationships Between Allocation of Reproductive Resources and Invasion of Populations by New Sex Morphs.- 2.4.1 Fitness in Outcrossing and Partially Selfing Cosexes and Allocation in Cosexes.- 2.4.2 Invasion of Populations by Females and Males.- 2.4.3 Effect of Cosex Allocations on Invasion by Unisexuals or Partially Sterile Types.- 2.4.4 Effects of Unisexuals on Cosex Allocations.- 2.4.5 Other Possible Routes to Dioecy.- 2.5 Testing the Theory.- 2.5.1 Comparative Tests.- 2.5.2 Gain Curves.- 2.5.3 Intraspecific Data.- 2.5.4 Genetic Data.- 2.6 Conclusions.- 2.7 References.- 3 Empirical Studies: Evolution and Maintenance of Dimorphic Breeding Systems.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Evolutionary Pathways to Gender Dimorphism.- 3.2.1 Approaches to the Study of Gender.- 3.2.1.1 Quantitative Description of Plant Gender.- 3.2.1.2 Theoretical Modelling.- 3.2.1.3 Phylogenetic Analysis.- 3.2.2 Overview of Pathways.- 3.2.3 From Cosexuality Via Gynodioecy to Dioecy.- 3.2.4 From Monoecy Via Paradioecy to Dioecy.- 3.2.5 From Cosexuality Via Androdioecy to Dioecy.- 3.2.6 From Heterostyly to Dioecy.- 3.2.7 From Duodichogamy or Heterodichogamy to Dioecy.- 3.2.8 The Evolution of Trioecy.- 3.3 Maintenance of Gender Dimorphism in Natural Populations.- 3.3.1 Sex Ratios.- 3.3.2 Evidence for an Outcrossing Advantage: Rates of Selfing and Levels of Inbreeding Depression.- 3.3.3 Relative Seed Fecundity of the Two Sexes.- 3.3.4 Relative Pollen Fecundity of the Two Sexes.- 3.3.5 Case Studies: Tests of Theoretical Models.- 3.3.5.1 Female Frequency and Habitat in Plantago lanceolata.- 3.3.5.2 Plant Vigour, Fruit Production and the Sex Ratio in Hebe strictissima.- 3.3.5.3 Rates of Selfing, Inbreeding Depression and the Sex Ratio.- 3.3.5.4 The Breakdown of Outcrossing Mechanism in Aralia.- 3.4 Directions for Future Research.- 3.4.1 Testable Predictions from Ecological Correlations.- 3.4.2 Other Research Gaps.- 3.5 Conclusions.- References.- 4 Theories of the Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Models of Sexual Dimorphism.- 4.2.1 Types of Models.- 4.2.2 General Features.- 4.2.3 Sexual Dimorphism in a Dioecious Organism.- 4.2.3.1 Genetic Models.- 4.2.3.2 ESS Models.- 4.2.4 The Evolution of Gender and Sexual Dimorphism.- 4.2.4.1 ESS Models.- 4.2.4.2 Genetic Models.- 4.3 The Biology of Sexual Dimorphism.- 4.3.1 Disruptive Selection on Homologous Characters.- 4.3.1.1 Biological Circumstances.- 4.3.1.2 Theory on Disruptive Selection in Dioecious Organisms.- 4.3.1.3 Theory on the Evolution of Gender and Sexual Dimorphism.- 4.3.1.4 Disruptive Selection and Sexual Dimorphism in Plants.- 4.3.2 Ecological Competition.- 4.3.2.1 Biological Circumstances.- 4.3.2.2 Theory on Character Displacement Due to Intraspecific Competition.- 4.3.2.3 Competitive Character Displacement and SSS in Dioecious Plants.- 4.3.3 Intersexual Selection.- 4.3.3.1 Biological Circumstances.- 4.3.3.2 Theory on Intersexual Selection.- 4.3.3.3 Mate Choice and Sexual Dimorphism in Plants.- 4.4 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Sexual Dimorphism in Flowers and Inflorescences.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Patterns.- 5.2.1 Perianth Size.- 5.2.2 Perianth Shape.- 5.2.3 Nectar.- 5.2.4 Vestigial Characters.- 5.2.5 Other Flower Characters.- 5.2.6 Multi-Flower Charact
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