Synopsis
I. Introduction.- A. An Historical Perspective.- 1. The Phenomenon of Viral Interference.- 2. Discovery of Interferon.- 3. Interference Mediated by Other Mechanisms.- B. An Overview of the Interferon System.- 1. Interferon Inducers.- 2. Induction Mechanisms.- 3. Genetic Information for Interferon Production.- 4. Interferon Messenger RNA.- 5. Interferon Production.- 6. Interferons.- 7. Interferon Binding.- 8. Genetic Information for Interferon Actions.- 9. Cellular Alterations Induced by Interferons.- a) Antiviral States.- b) Priming and Blocking.- c) Enhanced Susceptibility to Toxicity of Double-Stranded RNA.- d) Effects on Cell Surfaces.- e) Effects on Cell Multiplication.- f) Immunomodulations.- C. The Interferon System in vivo.- 1. Interferons as Prophylactic and Therapeutic Agents in Animals.- 2. Interferons in the Clinic.- II. Interferon Assays.- A. General Considerations.- B. Dose-Response Relationships.- C. Assay Methods.- 1. Plaque-Reduction Assays.- 2. Yield-Reduction Assays.- a) Reduction of Infectious Virus Yields.- b) Reduction of Haemagglutinin Yields.- c) Reduction of Haemadsorption.- d) Reduction of Neuraminidase Yields.- 3. Cytopathic Effect (CPE)-Inhibition Assays.- a) CPE-Reading Method.- b) Dye-Uptake Method.- 4. Radiochemical Assays.- 5. Other Antiviral Assays.- a) Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition Assay.- b) Immunofluorescence Assay.- c) EB Virus-Expression Assay.- d) Cytochemical Assays.- e) Agar Diffusion Assays.- f) pH Indicator Assay.- 6. Non-Antiviral Assays.- D. Factors Influencing Interferon Assays.- 1. Non-Interferon Contaminants.- 2. Period of Interferon Exposure.- 3. Challenge Multiplicity.- 4. Assay Duration.- 5. Concentration vs. Volume.- 6. Aging Effect.- E. Choice of an Assay System.- 1. Assay Method of Choice.- 2. Cells of Choice.- 3. Virus of Choice.- F. Reference Interferons and Standard Interferons.- III. Interferon Inducers.- A. Animal Viral Inducers.- 1. Adenoviruses.- 2. Myxo-Paramyxo Inducers.- 3. Rhabdoviruses.- 4. "Arbovirus" Inducers.- 5. Diplorna Viruses.- 6. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus.- B. Non-Viral Inducers of Interferons.- 1. "Foreign" Nucleic Acids.- 2. Fungal Extracts.- 3. Bacteria and Bacterial Products.- 4. Other Microorganisms Inducing Interferons.- a) Chlamydia.- b) Rickettsiae.- c) Mycoplasmas.- d) Protozoa.- 5. Mitogens and Immune Recognition Induction.- a) Mitogens.- b) Immune Recognition Induction.- c) Induction by Tumor Cells.- 6. Synthetic Inducers.- a) Anionic Polymers.- 1. Polycarboxylates, Sulfates and Phosphates.- 2. Polynucleotides.- b) Low Molecular Weight Inducers.- 1. Tilorone.- 2. Cationic Dyes.- 3. Propanediamine.- 4. BL-20803.- 5. MA-56.- 6. AET.- 7. U-25, 166.- C. Inferferon (?) Inducers.- D. Uninduced (Spontaneous) Interferons.- IV. Induction Mechanisms.- A. The Interferon Induction-Production Curve.- 1. The Induction Phase.- a) True Induction?.- b) Preformed Interferons?.- 2. The Interaction of Inducer and Cell.- 3. Induction Lag Periods.- a) The in vitro Lag.- b) Induction Lag in vivo.- c) Time of Appearance of Lymphocyte Interferons - Types I and II.- B. Mechanism of Induction by Viruses.- 1. Search for Double-Stranded RNA.- 2. Viral Events Effecting Induction.- C. Alternative Induction Mechanism Hypotheses.- 1. The Double-Stranded RNA Hypothesis.- 2. The Repressor-Depletion Hypothesis.- 3. The Basal-Level-Interferon Hypothesis.- V. The Genetics of Interferon Production.- A. Hybrid-Cell Analyses of Interferon Production.- 1. Production Regulation in Hybrid-Cells.- 2. Chromosomal Assignments for Interferon Production in Hybrid-Cell Lines.- B. Chromosomal Assignments for Interferon Production in Aneuploid Cells.- C. Epigenetic Complications of Assessing Genetic Contributions to Interferon Production.- 1. Age Effects on Interferon Production.- a) In vivo Age and Interferon Potential.- b) Interferon Production and in vitro Aging.- 2. Variations in Interferon Production by Human Diploid Cell Cultures.- D. Genetics of Interferon Production in vivo.-
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