Articles liés à Climate Change Science: A Modern Synthesis : Volume...
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Synopsis
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to Global Warming
1.2 Greenhouse Effect
1.3 Climate Sensitivity
1.4 Average Global Temperature from 1880 to 2009
1.5 Carbon Dioxide
1.6 Global Warming, Climate, and Weather
1.6.1 Arctic Sea Ice Extent 1979-2005
1.6.2 Impacts of Global Warming
1.7 Timescales, Positive Feedbacks, and Tipping Points
1.8 Energy and Climate Policy
1.8.1 Energy Choices
1.9 Forcings and Feedbacks
1.9.1 Earth's Albedo
1.9.2 Irradiance
1.10 Energy Budget
1.11 Affected Weather
1.12 Hockey Stick Controversy
Additional Reading
PART I - SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
2 - SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES
Abstract
Key Words
Things to Know
Introduction
2.1 Internet Searches
2.2 The Warming Earth: Heat and the Principles of Thermodynamics
2.2.1 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
2.2.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
2.2.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
2.2.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
2.3 Climate Scientists
2.3.1 Scientific Laws and Climate Scientists
2.4 Scientific Jargon
2.5 Communication between Scientists and the Public
2.6 The Concept of Time
2.7 From Hothouse to Icehouse
2.8 Earth's Energy Imbalance
2.9 An Introduction to Science
2.9.1 Reasons to Study Science
2.9.2 The Philosophy of Science
2.9.3 Early History of Science
2.9.4 Aristotle (384-322 BC)
2.10 Early Scientists
2.10.1 Pliny the Elder (23 AD - 79 AD)
2.10.2 Claudius Ptolemy (c. AD 90 - c. AD 168)
2.10.3 Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543)
2.10.4 Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)
2.10.5 Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626)
2.10.6 Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe
2.10.7 Isaac Newton
2.11 Empiricism
2.12 Inductive Logic
2.13 Multiple Working Hypotheses
2.14 Deductive Logic
2.15 Models and Simulations
2.16 The Nature of Science
2.17 The Science of Nature
2.18 Chaos Theory
2.19 Scientific Notation
Additional Reading
3 - THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND ITS USE
Abstract
Keywords
Things to Know
The Scientific Method
3.1 A Linearized Approach to the Scientific Method
3.2 Data Collection - Experimentation, Measurement, Observation
3.3 Ideas, Persistence, Documentation, Testing, Reproducibility, Publication
3.4 Hypotheses
3.5 Theories
3.6 Newton's Laws of Motion
3.7 The Peer-Review Process
3.8 Use of the Scientific Method
3.8.1 James Hutton and Uniformitarianism
3.8.2 Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species
3.8.3 James Watson and Francis Crick - the Structure of DNA
3.8.4 Harry Hess and Plate Tectonic Theory
3.8.5 Plate Tectonic Theory
3.8.6 Wallace Broecker and the First Use of the Term Global Warming
3.9 Use of the Scientific Method in Climate Change Science
3.9.1 Joseph Fourier and the Greenhouse Effect
3.9.2 John Tyndall and Thermal Radiation
3.9.3 Svante Arrhenius and Carbon Dioxide
3.9.4 T. C. Chamberlin and the Ice Ages
3.9.5 Guy Stewart Callendar and Rising Temperatures
3.9.6 Gilbert Plass and Doubling of Carbon Dioxide
3.9.7 Hans Suess and Carbon-14 in Carbon Dioxide
3.9.8 Roger Revelle and Ocean Chemistry
3.9.9 Charles David Keeling and CO2
3.9.10 Syukuro ("Suki") Manabe and Climate Modeling
3.9.11 James Hansen and Temperature Analysis
3.9.12 William Ruddiman and Paleoclimate
3.9.13 Gavin Schmidt and GISS
3.9.14 Stefan Rahmstorf, Sea Level and Temperature Rise
Additional Reading
PART II - OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE
4 - EARTH'S ENERGY BUDGET
Abstract
Keywords
Things to Know
Introduction
4.1 Weather and Climate
4.2 Solar and Heat Energy
4.3 Earth's Radiation Laws
4.4 Earth's Energy Imbalance
Additional Reading
5 - CLIMATE CHANGE TRENDS
Abstract
Keywords
Things to Know
5. Climate Change Trends
5.1 Rising Temperatures
5.1.1 Temperature Scales
5.1.2 Temperatures Shown by Graphs
5.1.3 Rising Land and Se
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