Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry: Volume 2 Specific Principles and Methods: Growth and Developments - Couverture souple
Synopsis
1. Introduction.- 2. Conifer Protoplasts.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Starting Material.- 2.1. Organs.- 2.1.1. Cotyledons.- 2.1.2. Needles.- 2.1.3. Roots.- 2.2. Callus and cell suspensions.- 2.3. Pollen.- 3. Protoplast Isolation.- 3.1. Enzymatic solutions.- 3.2. Isolation procedures.- 3.3. Purification of protoplasts.- 3.4. Yield and viability.- 4. Protoplast Culture.- 4.1. Culture conditions.- 4.2. Protoplast behavior.- 4.2.1. Protoplast morphology.- 4.2.2. Cell wall regeneration.- 4.2.3. Division of cells derived from protoplasts.- 5. Conclusion.- 3. Protoplast Culture of Hardwoods.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Requirements of a Successful Protoplast System.- 2.1. Isolation.- 2.1.1. Source tissue.- 2.1.2. Protoplast release from the source tissue.- 2.2. Protoplast plating/culture.- 2.3. Early development of protoplasts.- 2.4. Regeneration of shoots.- 3. Concluding Remarks.- 4. Biochemistry of Forest Tree Species in Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biochemistry.- 2.1. Metabolic activities and growth patterns.- 2.2. Nutrient uptake.- 2.3. Primary metabolism.- 2.3.1. Carbohydrate metabolism.- 2.3.2. Nitrogen metabolism.- 2.4. Cell wall metabolism.- 2.5. Secondary metabolism.- 3. Conclusion.- 5. Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Perennials.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Extent of this review.- 1.2. Definition of terms.- 1.3. Woody perennials.- 2. Methods.- 2.1. Expiant source.- 2.2. General requirements.- 2.3. Quantitation.- 2.4. Media requirements.- 2.5. Media effects.- 2.6. Inhibitors and promoters.- 2.7. Other factors.- 3. Somatic Embryo Development.- 3.1. Origin and development.- 3.2. Protoplasts and cell suspensions.- 3.3. Abnormal development.- 4. Plant Development.- 4.1. Selection of somatic embryos for propagation.- 4.2. Dormancy.- 4.3. Germination.- 4.4. Transfer to soil.- 5. Physiology.- 5.1. Fatty acids.- 5.2. Plant growth regulators.- 5.3. Phenolics and polyamines.- 6. Discussion.- 6.1. Questions.- 6.2. Developmental patterns.- 6.3. Theories.- 6.4. Clones or variants.- 7. Conclusion.- 6. Ammohia: its Analogues, Metabolic Products and Site of Action in Somatic Embryogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Localization of Ammonia Assimilation.- 3. Ports of Entry for Reduced Nitrogen.- 3.1. Gdh, Gs/Gogat.- 3.2. Alternative ports of entry.- 4. Genetic Regulation.- 4.1. Glutamine synthetase.- 4.2. Transcription.- 4.3. Stress and DNA repair.- 5. Effects of Ammonia.- 5.1. Acidification.- 5.2. Effect of ammonia on nitrate assimilation.- 5.3. Effect of sulfate assimilation.- 5.4. Effect of carbon dioxide assimilation.- 5.4.1. Role of carbamates and other spontaneous reaction products of ammonia.- 5.4.1.1. Carbamates.- 5.4.1.2. Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase.- 5.4.1.3. Carbonic anhydrase.- 6. Other Pivotal Products.- 6.1. Urea.- 6.2. Urease reversal.- 6.3. Role of amines and carbamates.- 6.4. Cyanate-14C.- 6.5. Cyanide.- 6.6. Thiourea and guanidine.- 6.7. Cyanamide.- 7. N Transfers and Release in Embryogenesis: Internal Sources of Ammonia.- 7.1. Nitrogen transfer and release.- 7.2. Attenuation of amino acid biosynthesis.- 8. Need For Diagnostic Specificity.- 7. Embryo Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Embryo Culture.- 3.1. Embryo culture of gymnosperm tree species.- 3.1.1. Culture of nearly mature or mature embryos.- 3.1.2. Culture of proembryos.- 3.2. Embryo culture of angiosperm tree species.- 3.2.1. Culture of nearly mature or mature embryos.- 3.2.2. Culture of proembryos.- 4. Embryo Rescue.- 5. in Ovulo Embryo Culture.- 6. in Vitro Pollination and Fertilization.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- 8. in vitro Control of Morphogenesis in Conifers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Regeneration of Plantlets from Tissues of Mature Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco).- 2.1. Material and methods.- 2.1.1. Nature of the expiants.- 2.2. Culture medium.- 2.2.1. Juvenile material.- 2.2.2. Mature material.- 2.3. Environmental conditions.- 2.3.1. Donor plants.- 2.3.2. Culture.- 2.4. Results.- 2.4.1. Juvenile stage expiants.- 2.4.2. Mature
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