Articles liés à Solar Thermal Energy Storage
Synopsis
1 Importance and modes of energy storage.- 1.1 The importance of energy storage.- 1.2 Influence of type and extent of mismatch on storage.- 1.3 Size and duration of storage.- 1.4 Applications.- 1.4.1 Stationary applications.- 1.4.2 Transport applications.- 1.5 Quality of energy and modes of energy storage.- 1.6 Thermal energy storage.- 1.6.1Sensible heat storage.- 1.6.2 Storage in phase change materials (PCM).- 1.7 Mechanical energy storage.- 1.7.1 Storage as potential energy.- 1.7.2 Storage as kinetic energy.- 1.7.3 Energy storage in a compressed gas.- 1.8 Electrical and magnetic energy storage.- 1.8.1 Storage in electrical cap ac i tors.- 1.8.2 Storage in electromagnets.- 1.8.3 Storage in magnets with superconducting coils.- 1.8.4 Storage in a battery.- 1.9 Chemical energy storage.- 1.9.1 Synthetic fuels.- 1.9.2 Thermochemical storage.- 1.9.3 Electrochemical storage.- 1.9.4 Photochemical storage.- References.- 2 Sensible heat storage.- 2.1 Sensible heat storage basics.- 2.2 Sensible heat storage and type of load.- 2.3 Sensible heat storage media.- 2.4 Well-mixed liquid storage.- 2.5 Stratified liquid storage.- 2.5.1 Analytical studies on thermally stratified hot water tanks.- 2.5.2 Experimental studies on thermally stratified hot water storage tanks.- 2.5.3 Forced stratification in liquids.- 2.6 Containers for water storage.- 2.7 Packed bed storage system.- References.- Appendix -I.- Appendix - II.- 3 Latent heat or phase change thermal energy storage.- 3.1 Basics of latent heat storage.- 3.1.1 Heat of fusion (Latent heat).- 3.1.2 Employment of latent heat storage system.- 3.2 Liquid-solid transformation.- 3.2.1 Nucleation and supercooling.- 3.2.2 The rate of crystal growth.- 3.2.3 Types of solidification or crystallization.- 3.2.4 Melting and freezing characteristics.- 3.2.5 Interpretation of freezing curves.- 3.2.6 Relative rates of heat and mass transport.- 3.2.7 Binary phase diagrams.- 3.3 Phase change materials (PCM).- 3.3.1 Solid-solid transitions.- 3.3.2 Solid-liquid transformations.- i) Salt hydrates.- ii) Other inorganic compounds.- iii) Paraffins.- iv) Non paraffin organic solids.- v) Clathrate and semi-clathrate hydrates.- vi)Eutectics.- 3.4 Selection of PCM.- 3.5 Storage in salt hydrates.- 3.5.1 Nucleation and crystallization.- 3.5.2 Incongruent melting.- 3.5.3 Thickening agents.- 3.5.4 Some promising salt hydrates and the binary phase diagrams.- 3.6 Prevention of incongruent melting and thermal cycling.- 3.6.1 Thickening agents.- 3.6.2 Extra water principle.- 3.6.3 Rolling cylinder method.- 3.6.4 Adding SrCl2 6H2 C in CaCl2 H2O system.- 3.7 Storage in paraffins.- 3.8 Heat transfer in PCM.- 3.8.1 Freezing of tops of ponds.- 3.8.2 An approximate analytical model for a periodic process.- 3.8.3 Heat-exchange with fluid-flow between trays holding PCM.- 3.9 Heat exchange arrangement and containment of PCM.- 3.9.1 Encapsulation of PCM.- 3.9.2 Containment.- 3.9.3 Compatibility.- 3.9.4 Special heat exchangers for PCM.- (A) Passive systems.- (B) Active systems.- 3.10 Storage in PCM undergoing solid-solid transition.- 3.10.1 Storage in modified high density polyethylene (HDPE).- 3.10.2 Storage in layer perovskites and other organometallic compounds.- 3.11 Heat of solution storage and heat exchangers.- 3.11.1 Crystallization from saturated solution.- 3.11.2 Heat exchangers in heat-of-solution storage system.- References.- 4 Chemical energy storage.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Selection Criterion.- 4.2.1 Thermodynamic considerations.- 4.2.2 Reversibility.- 4.2.3 Reaction rates.- 4.2.4 Controllability.- 4.2.5 Ease of storage.- 4.2.6 Safety.- 4.2.7 Availability and Cost.- 4.2.8 Product separation.- 4.2.9 Reaction with water and oxygen.- 4.2.10 Technology.- 4.2.11 Catalyst availability and lifetime.- 4.3 Energy storage in thermal dissociation type of reactions.- 4.3.1 Thermal dissociation of SO3.- 4.3.2 Dissociation of Ammonia.- 4.3.3 Thermal dissociation of inorganic hydroxides.- 4.3.4 Thermal decomposition of carbonates.- 4.3.5 D
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