For a long time, all thought there was only one geometry -- Euclidean geometry. Nevertheless, in the 19th century, many non-Euclidean geometries were discovered. It took almost two millennia to do this. This was the major mathematical discovery and advancement of the 19th century, which changed understanding of mathematics and the work of mathematicians providing innovative insights and tools for mathematical research and applications of mathematics.A similar event happened in arithmetic in the 20th century. Even longer than with geometry, all thought there was only one conventional arithmetic of natural numbers -- the Diophantine arithmetic, in which 2+2=4 and 1+1=2. It is natural to call the conventional arithmetic by the name Diophantine arithmetic due to the important contributions to arithmetic by Diophantus. Nevertheless, in the 20th century, many non-Diophantine arithmetics were discovered, in some of which 2+2=5 or 1+1=3. It took more than two millennia to do this. This discovery has even more implications than the discovery of new geometries because all people use arithmetic.This book provides a detailed exposition of the theory of non-Diophantine arithmetics and its various applications. Reading this book, the reader will see that on the one hand, non-Diophantine arithmetics continue the ancient tradition of operating with numbers while on the other hand, they introduce extremely original and innovative ideas.
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Mark Burgin received his MA and PhD in mathematics from Moscow State University and Doctor of Science (DSc) in logic and philosophy from the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Currently he is affiliated with UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Mark Burgin is a member of the New York Academy of Sciences, a Senior Member of IEEE, of the Society for Computer Modeling and Simulation International and of the International Society for Computers and their Applications, as well as an Honorary Professor of the Aerospace Academy of Ukraine. Mark Burgin was also an Editor of 10 books.
Marek Czachor received his M.Sc. in theoretical physics from the University of Gdask, PhD in theoretical physics from the Polish Academy of Sciences and Habilitation (with honors) in theoretical physics from Warsaw University. He was a Fulbright Fellow at the Massachussetts Institute of Technology, DAAD Fellow and Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at the Arnold Sommerfeld Institute for Mathematical Physics, Technical University of Clausthal, Germany, and NATO Fellow at the University of Antwerp UIA, Belgium. Besides, Marek Czachor was an influential and heroic participant in the Solidarity movement, the struggle for democracy in Poland during the 1980s. The Polish government presented him with an Order of the Rebirth of Poland award in 2007, and a Cross of Freedom and Solidarity award in 2015. Now Marek Czachor is a Professor of Politechnika Gdaska (Polytechnical University of Gdask). He has authorized and co-authorized more than 100 scientific publications including the book Probing the Structure of Quantum Mechanics: Nonlinearity, Nonlocality, Computation and Axiomatics (2002).
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