Synopsis
This is a book about powerful processes that impact organizations but usually remain unseen, unspoken, or unacknowledged. Collectively called covert processes, they include hidden agendas, blind spots, organizational politics, the elephant in the room, secret hopes and wishes, tacit assumptions, and unconscious dynamics. Although covert in their workings, these processes can be insidious in their impacts, often shaping outcomes without our fully realizing it. In some ways this book can be seen as an extension of the pioneering work by organizational psychologist Ed Schein on process consultation, especially on the importance of being able to decipher hidden forces. ''One of the most important functions of process consultation is to make visible that which is invisible'' (1999, p.84). Toward that end, this book provides frameworks, principles, and practices that will be useful in diagnosing and addressing the hidden dynamics that can impact what you are doing and how it gets done. Although the ideas are grounded in a wide range of social science research and theory, there is little attention to definitions and literature reviews of specific theories or types of covert processes. A thematic bibliography is included for readers interested in exploring the ideas that helped shape the book. Finally, the book integrates all hidden dynamics instead of focusing on one or two. It asks and answers the question: What do all types of covert processes have in common and what can you do about them?
Extrait
Covert Dimensions and Change
Have you ever sat through a business meeting, thinking “Something is going on here that is really getting in the way, but I can’t put my finger on it.” You were probably sensing covert processes at work. Covert processes are hidden dynamics that routinely impact human interactions and can confound our most diligent efforts to accomplish our goals. When we try to effect organizational change, these hidden factors impact our ability to recognize the need for change, plan appropriate responses, align people and resources, and successfully implement new initiatives. In short, covert processes are a crucial aspect of organizational change and, when not made explicit, they can block even the best of intentions.
The term covert processes is used here to mean any hidden or unconscious dynamic. In every culture there are unspoken beliefs and assumptions underlying people’s behavior. They affect what we say and do even though we may not be aware of them. From a psychological viewpoint, covert processes include the unspoken mental models and unconscious dynamics of individuals and groups. In everyday usage, the term covert tends to evoke images of spies, intrigue, and secret deals. For our purposes we define covert more neutrally as “out-of-everyday awareness.” Covert processes include all out-of-awareness dynamics that occur in human systems, for whatever reasons.
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This book represents an integration of personal and professional experiences that incorporates some of my earliest memories. I grew up in a family that, like many others, had its secrets. Family members used hushed voices about certain topics that others were not supposed to hear. As a boy I was interested in magic, magicians, and carnival games—the secrets of misdirection and illusion, as well as the unseen gimmicks and ruses that rigged the games of chance. As a young man I was drafted into the Army during the Vietnam War and assigned to duty near the DMZ in South Korea as a special agent in military intelligence. When I returned home I started a career in government service and completed a doctorate in public administration.
In my early career as an analyst and executive in the U.S. government, I had a chance to witness and learn at close hand the political behavior of public organizations. This led me to study organizational psychology and organization development. Later, as a professional consultant, I encountered covert processes while working with executives on organizational change in corporations around the world. All of these experiences, along with research about covert processes drawn from the social sciences, have informed the principles and practices presented here.
The Limits of Rationality
As a society we place great importance on being rational and logical. This is the primary reason that certain crucial elements may become covert during change initiatives. Presenting a rational argument is often done at the expense of attention to anything else—emotions, for instance. In many years of working with executives around the world, three aspects of organizational change have become increasingly clear to me:
Most change agents rely primarily on rational approaches to foster organizational change.
Most change initiatives actually involve significant non-rational dynamics and processes.
3 Most change agents still insist on operating as if organizational change is a purely rational process.
Time after time I have witnessed the over-emphasis on reason contribute to failed or ineffectual change initiatives. Because of their insistence on rational approaches, many change leaders are unable to see the non-rational dimensions of organizational change that are adversely impacting their initiatives.
Analyteks, Inc.
Analyteks, Inc., was a highly successful professional services company for over forty years. Analyteks’ culture and management style were based on a small circle of entrepreneurial executives doing all the marketing and sales work. These executives would then provide instructions to highly educated analysts, who were expected to follow directions while applying their professional skills to assigned projects. This centralized model had for decades produced many notable accomplishments and steady growth.
Now, changes in the competitive landscape and new advances in technologies threatened Analyteks’ success. After many quarters of decline, management announced the first cutbacks in the company’s history. Anticipating the need for even more cutbacks, leadership decided that the analysts needed to become more entrepreneurial in their work so the company could continue to succeed in the new world they were facing.
Accordingly, the executives presented their case for more entrepreneurial behavior from the analysts at a series of company-wide meetings. Then they waited for behaviors to change. When nothing very different happened, they were confused. After all, they had clearly stated the reasons for change.
Some Often-Neglected Dimensions
What had the Analyteks executives failed to consider in their planning sessions? They had not thought about the differing self-interests of the executives and analysts and how those differences might impact support of the new directions. In fact, the analysts saw the call for them to be more entrepreneurial as a bailout for the failures of the executives.4 One analyst summed it up with the comment: “When I joined Analyteks it was with the understanding that they would do the selling and I could work on neat projects.” Furthermore, becoming sales people did not inspire the analysts, who wanted to do cutting-edge work and not just survive to sell “schlock services to make a buck.”
Unfortunately, the analytical nature of the people and of the business culture, added to concerns about being seen as weak, prevented the analysts (and the executives, for that matter) from openly expressing their fears or their anger. Those feelings were covert, and thus there were no signals to alert the executives that they were on the wrong track. The top-down, centralized culture of Analyteks had helped to create mindsets in which analysts were not expected to be entrepreneurs. That was the job of the executives. In fact, it was considered unprofessional within the Analyteks culture for an analyst to “sell out by selling your work.”
Finally, it would not be too great a stretch to speculate that unconscious processes involving denial or excessive rationalizations among the executives, who were facing failure for the first time in their careers, may have prevented a more carefully thought-out approach. Instead, the executives ended up repeating the very behavior they said they wanted to change. In the meetings they presented a rational plan, predicated on the assumption that they knew best, even as they called for more ideas and involvement from the analysts.
Beyond Good Reasons
The Analyteks case helps to illustrate the overt and covert dimensions of organizational change. Analyteks executives relied on their rational analysis of the situation to provide good reasons to persuade the analysts to change their behavior. Overlooked or hidden from consideration, however, were the politics of the situation, including the differing needs and interests of the analysts and executives. The absence of providing anything to really motivate or inspire the analysts to change their behavior, as well as the inability to express such emotions as fear, anger, or doubt, prevented important considerations from being overtly discussed.
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The unaddressed organizational culture and mindsets about what constitutes prestigious and professional work made it virtually impossible for the analysts to “hear” the executives’ reasoned analysis about the need to be more entrepreneurial. Finally, unconscious psychodynamics fueled by the stress and anxieties associated with the declining situation may have led to reduced or impaired abilities in the executive group and among the analysts to fully consider all aspects of the situation.
Dimensions of Change
Expressed in everyday language, the six dimensions that are always involved in organizational change are: reasons, politics, inspirations, emotions, mindsets, and psychodynamics. These are summarized in the accompanying table. As already noted, reason always gets the overt emphasis. The other five dimensions are frequently covert, despite their influence on achieving desired results. Let’s look more closely at these dimensions to see how they impact organizational change.
Overt and Covert Dimensions of Organizational Change
See Table
Reasons
Most organizational change initiatives begin, and sometimes end untimely, with “making the case for change.” This case for change is invariably a well-documented, logical analysis of the compelling reasons why the organization and the people in it must do something different. For example, the Analyteks executives might have said at some point:
Due to the forces of globalization, information technology, and increased worldwide competitiveness, we must become more 6entrepreneurial at all levels of the company. In order to do this we will, (a) pursue a new strategy, (b) adopt a new structure, (c) create a new reward and compensation system, (d) downsize, right-size, and contract out some functions. If we do these things well, then we will once again be successful and prosperous as an organization.
The unspoken part of this message, which can lead people to ignore important considerations, is: We expect everyone to be logical and rational and accept the compelling reasons for what has to be done, and therefore not only understand and go along with the changes but even embrace them. When this does not happen, as in the Analyteks case, change leaders are surprised. They may conclude that they are dealing with irrational resistance to change because their well-reasoned arguments are being ignored.
In response, some combination of three strategies is often pursued. First, change leaders emphasize the overwhelming logic and rationale for change with even more compelling analyses, educational efforts, and discussions. The thinking is something like: If only we make the right case for change, people will understand what needs to be done and do it.
Second, leadership may try addressing what they consider to be irrational resistance through venting or involvement sessions. Frequently these efforts receive less attention than the case for change itself, and they are quickly abandoned if they don’t produce immediate results. Management thinks: What’s the use? Nothing will work. We are dealing with irrational resistance.
Third, if reason and logic don’t seem to carry the day, the change effort is aborted, abbreviated, or forced. Well, people are just too emotional, so we need to....”
Although the rational case for change tends to be the most overt or visible dimension, covert elements also play a critical role in all organizational change initiatives. We will now discuss the five dimensions of covert behavior: internal politics, inspirations, emotions, mindsets, and unconscious defenses or psychodynamics. When these five dimensions are overlooked, they become traps that can block even the best-planned efforts.
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Politics
Most organizations are managed based solely on rationality, defined roles, rules, expertise, and the good of the organization as a whole. Individuals and work units are discouraged from advancing their own interests. Actions based on your own interests are deemed to be “political,” and being political is considered inappropriate behavior in most organizations. This set of beliefs also supports reliance on “making the case for change” through top-down initiatives.
In reality, people and work groups do consider their own needs and interests when they respond to organizational change initiatives. It is folly to assume otherwise. These needs and interests may sometimes be selfish or self-serving, but generally they simply reflect people of goodwill operating from a place rooted in their own experience. From their point of view, what others call resistance may be a well-intentioned attempt to keep the organization on the right track.
Who is to say that the change in question is not the selfish or self-serving initiative of an elite group of executives advancing their own interests over those of the organization as a whole? In the Analyteks case, one analyst was heard to comment: “When they came up with this new sales strategy, did they understand the impact it will have on the way we do our work as professional analysts, or were they just worried about their own bonuses?”
This orientation suggests a different model of organizations, one where it is assumed that people and groups act on their own needs and interests. In this model, political as well as rational processes are the ways through which organizations really operate.
The general distaste for recognizing and dealing with organizational politics is often evident in change efforts. In my experience, this is mostly associated with the mindset that organizations should be managed through reason and logic alone, and that politics is somehow “bad”—thus change planners often do not think in terms of political perspectives or organizational politics. Others might stoop to do this, but we should not. Consequently, when political processes of one kind or another emerge to challenge or disrupt a change effort, planners are unprepared to deal with what they experience as covert political dynamics.
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Inspirations
Most change efforts include some kind of vision statement intended to capture the essence of the desired future state: We will be the best (biggest, smartest, fastest, friendliest, most flexible, most knowledgeable) company in the world. These statements are often a shorthand version of the case for change analysis: Because of globalization, we need to be the best company in the world. They are intended to help people think rationally about the change and become convinced to work toward it.
The difference between these kinds of vision statements and values-based and visionary aspirations is the difference between head and heart. Evoking values and aspirations is intentionally inspirational. Inspirational statements speak to our better selves, bypassing logic and striking a chord. When this occurs people feel compelled to make the desired change a reality. This happens because people are willing to work towards strongly held values or aspirations, sometimes despite rational logic. The analysts in Analyteks did not want to sell more “schlock services,” but they might have strongly supported changes that would enable them to work toward providing customers with higher-quality products or services.
Enlisting positive values and aspirations is the province of the inspirational leader, not the analytical manager. Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech inspired people to change by evoking powerful shared values and aspirations, not by a rational analysis of prevailing conditions. Imagine the same speech if Dr. King had presented an analysis of the number or percentage of discriminatory events in the past year and the market forces that positively or negatively impacted a more just society! The power of inspiration to bring about change is that it does not appeal to reason and logic. Inspiration speaks to the aspects of people that want to do good things, want to be part of something bigger than themselves, and want to see their values, hopes, and dreams fulfilled.
Despite the power of inspiration, it is frequently ignored or muted in change efforts. When that happe...
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