Decentralization and Governance in Indonesia

Indonesia over the past two decades has embarked on a process of decentralization as part of a broader process of democratization, which followed earlier periods of centralized governance and authoritarian rule across the archipelago. The purpose of this book is to begin to explore the connections between governance and sustainable society in a wide variety of policy fields in Indonesia, and how reforming governance structures may contribute to societal benefits and the creation of a long-term sustainable society.

This book bridges important theoretical debates related to governance and sustainable society and provides empirical research from Indonesia in important policy areas related to this debate. By placing research in different policy areas in a single volume, the link to the broader concepts of governance, decentralization, and societal outcomes is strengthened. The book builds on the recent interest that has focused on Indonesia and the continued development of democracy in the country. The chapters in the book show a rich variety of decentralized governance arrangements and capacity building at the local level in particular. Central standards (for example for social sustainability, anti-corruption arrangements, or for dealing with direct foreign investment), combined with local innovation (for example for municipal coordination of primary health care or metropolitan transport), are key to Indonesia as a country in a continuing process of transformation.

We identify three key trends in the on-going process of decentralization and governance in Indonesia. First, we find that formal governance, the relation between the national and local government, is characterized by a system of 'variable geometry multi-level governance' depending on the policy area. The challenge ahead is strengthening accountability mechanisms to assure national standards while

preserving and encouraging local innovation. Secondly, informal governance mechanisms are evolving to move from 'hierarchical to network' forms of governance. Here the challenge is to insure democratic input by citizens and civil society organizations. Finally, we identify a trend toward 'shared value creation and sustainable cooperation.' Indonesia is beginning to move from a rather singular policy focus on economic growth to a more complex and developing notion of policymaking for inclusive growth and the creation of a sustainable society for present and future generations. Here the challenge is sound implementation and to increase the effectiveness of governance mechanisms. There is also a noted diffusion of goals, to focus beyond the Jakarta metropolitan area to smaller regional cities, as urbanization continues and rural areas are changing.

This book will be of interest for use in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses related to Southeast Asia in the fields of international relations, political science, public administration, economics, law, sociology, educa

tion, public health, and the spatial sciences. It will also be of interest to policymakers and government officials at the national and local level in Southeast Asia and middle-income developing countries, officials and policymakers in institutions of regional governance such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and of global governance such as the United Nations and World Bank. It will also be of interest to civil society organizations and other actors focused on policy development and economic development, health, education, the environment, sustainable transport, etc. The book will also be of interest to business people interested in economic and governance issues, such as the management and governance of in-bound foreign investment, inclusive growth, and corporate governance. Finally, the book should be of interest to citizens in advanced, middle-income, and developing countries motivated to learn more about the links between governance and the creation of a sustainable society for current and future generations.

Ronald Holzhacker is Senior Lecturer in Comparative Political Science and International Relations at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He holds a PhD from the University of Michigan in political science and a JD from the University of Minnesota Law School. He serves as the Director of the Spirit Indonesia Groningen (SInGA) research program on good governance and sustainable society, which is supported by scholarships from the World Bank and other sources. He has delivered a series of lectures at universities and conferences in Southeast Asia over the past few years on governance and sustainable society and on EU-ASEAN relations. His research focuses on the implementation of human rights in multi-level governance situations involving civil society, states, and regional institutions. He is published in such journals as Law & Policy, Comparative European Politics, Party Politics, European Union Politics, Nations and Nationalism, and the Journal of Legislative Studies. He also served as editor of numerous edited volumes, including Freedom, Security, and Justice in the European Union: Internal and External Dimensions of Increased Cooperation after the Lisbon Treaty, (NY: Springer 2014), The Transnationalization of Economies, States, and Civil Societies: New Challenges for Governance in Europe (NY: Springer 2009), and Democratic Governance and European Integration: Linking Societal and State Processes of Democracy (Edward Elgar 2007). Over the past four years he servedas a senior EU expert for the Network of Socio-Economic Experts in the Field of Anti-Discrimination, established by the European Commission to monitor the implementation of the anti-discrimination directives in the member states. Recently, he has been appointed as a senior EU expert for the network 'Knowledge-based analysis and policy advice in the antidiscrimination field and the EU 2020 Strategy' for the period 2014-2017. Rafael Wittek is professor of theoretical sociology at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands, and co-initiator of SPIRIT Indonesia Groningen. He holds a PhD (with distinction) from the University of Groningen, and an M.A. (with distinction) from the University of Tübingen (Germany). He taught at the Cornell University and the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, and held guest professorships at ETH Zurich and the Universita della Svizzera Italiana (USI, Lugano). He chaired the think tank of the strategic research theme "Sustainable Society" of the University of Groningen. His research is in the field of organizational governance, social networks, and social theory. He has co-edited The Handbook of Rational Choice Social Research (Stanford University Press, 2013), which received the bi-annual James Coleman book award of the Rationality and Society Section of the American Sociological Association. He is also co-editor of Humanitarian Crises, Intervention and Security (Routledge, 2014). Recent articles appeared in journals like the European Sociological Review, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Public Administration and Development, Work, Employment and Society, Group and Organization Management, Social Networks. Johan Woltjer is Professor of Urban Infrastructures at the University of Westminster, and Head of the Department of Planning and Transportation. He is also a Professor of Regional Planning and Development at the University of Groningen. Prof Woltjer concentrates his research work on institutional innovations for urban regions (specifically infrastructure development and planning). He has delivered policy advice for institutions including the EU, the OECD, and government agencies. His work is funded by grants, such as from the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences (KNAW) and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). Prof Woltjer is actively involved in international education and educational management. His work has contributed to an international and internationally comparative view to the field, particularly focusing on Europe (Netherlands, UK, Germany) and South-Eastern Asia (e.g., Indonesia and China). The impact of his work is visible through papers and articles on urban governance, regional development, infrastructure management, policy evaluation, and capacity building, appearing in high-impact journals such as the Journal of the American Planning Association, Land Use Policy, Urban Studies, International Planning Studies, and Environment and Planning A. Recent books include 'Consensus Planning, the relevance of communicative planning theory in Dutch infrastructure development', 'Evaluation for Participation and Sustainability in Planning' (Routledge), and 'Place-Based Evaluation for Infrastructure and Spatial Projects' (Ashgate).