Lithium Batteries: Science and Technology

Chapter 1. Basic elements for energy storage and conversion 1.1 Energy storage ability 1.2 The sustained energy 1.3 Energy storage for nano-electronics 1.4 Energy storage 1.5 Brief history of electrochemical cells 1.5.1 Milestones 1.5.2 Battery designs 1.6 Key parameters of batteries 1.6.1 Basic parameters 1.6.2 Cycle life and calendar life 1.6.3 Energy, capacity and power 1.6.3.1 Modified Peukert plot 1.6.3.2 Ragone figure 1.7 Electrochemical Systems 1.7.1 Batteries 1.7.2 Electrochromics and smart windows 1.7.3 Supercapacitors 1.8 Concluding remarks References Chapter 2. Lithium batteries 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Historical overview 2.3 Primary lithium batteries 2.3.1 High temperature lithium cells 2.3.1.1 Lithium iron disulfide battery 2.3.1.2 Lithium chloride battery 2.3.2 Solid-State electrolyte lithium batteries 2.3.2.1 Lithium-iodine cells 2.3.2.2 Li/LiI-Al2O3/PbI2 cells 2.3.2.3 Carbon tetramethyl-ammonium penta-iodide batteries 2.3.2.4 Lithium bromine trifluoride battery 2.3.3 Liquid cathode lithium batteries 2.3.3.1 Lithium thionyl-chloride batteries 2.3.3.2 Lithium-sulfur dioxide batteries 2.3.4 Solid Cathode lithium Batteries 2.3.4.1 Lithium polycarbon fluoride cells 2.3.4.2 Lithium manganese oxide batteries 2.3.4.3 Low temperature lithium iron batteries 2.3.4.4 Silver vanadium oxide cells 2.3.4.5 Other primary lithium batteries 2.4 Secondary lithium batteries 2.4.1 Lithium-metal batteries 2.4.2 Lithium-ion batteries 2.4.2.1 Principle 2.4.2.2 Energy diagram 2.4.2.3 Design and manufacturing 2.4.3 Lithium polymer batteries 2.4.4 Lithium sulfur batteries 2.5 Economy of lithium batteries 2.6 Battery modeling References Chapter 3. Principle of intercalation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Intercalation mechanism 3.3 The Gibbs' phase rule 3.4 Classification of intercalation reactions 3.4.1 The perfectly non-stoichiometric compounds. Type-I electrode 3.4.2 The pseudo two-phase system. Type-II electrode 3.4.3. The two-phase system. Type-III electrode 3.4.4 The adjacent domain. Type-IV electrode 3.5 Intercalation in layered compounds 3.5.1 Synthesis of ICs 3.5.2 Alkali intercalation into layered compounds 3.6 Electronic energy in ICs 3.7 Origin of the high voltage in ICs 3.8 Lithium battery cathodes 3.9 Conversion reaction 3.10 Alloying reaction References Chapitre 4. Reliability of the rigid-band model in lithium intercalation compounds 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Evolution of the Fermi level 4.3 Electronic structure of TMDs 4.4 Lithium intercalation in TiS2 4.5 Lithium intercalation in TaS2 4.6 Lithium intercalation in 2H-MoS2 4.7 Lithium intercalation in WS2 4.8 Lithium intercalation in InSe 4.10 Electrochemical properties of TMCs 4.11 Concluding remarks References Chapter 5. Cathode materials with 2-dimensional structure 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Binary layered oxides 5.2.1 MoO3 5.2.2 V2O5 5.2.3 LiV3O8 5.3 Ternary layered oxides 5.3.1 LiCoO2 (LCO) 5.3.2 LiNiO2 (LNO) 5.3.3 LiNi1-yCoyO2 (NCO) 5.3.4 Doped LiCoO2 (d-LCO) 5.3.5 LiNi1-y-zCoyAlzO2 (NCA) 5.3.6 LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 (NMO) 5.3.7 LiNi1-y-zMnyCozO2 (NMC) 5.3.8 Li2MnO3 5.3.9 Li-rich layered compounds (LNMC) 5.3.10 Other layered compounds 5.3.10.1 Mn-based oxides 5.3.10.2 Chromium oxides 5.3.10.3 Iron-based oxides 5.4 Concluding remarks References Chapter 6. Cathode materials with monoatomic ions in a 3-D framework 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Manganese dioxides 6.2.1 MnO2 6.2.2 MnO2-based composites 6.2.3 MnO2 nanorods 6.2.4 Birnessite 6.3 Lithiated manganese dioxides 6.3.1 Li0.33MnO2 6.3.2 Li0.44MnO2 6.3.3 LiMnO2 6.3.4 LixNa0.5-xMnO2 6.4 Lithium manganese spinels 6.4.1 LiMn2O4 (LMO) 6.4.2 Surface modified LMO 6.4.3 Defect spinels 6.4.4 Li doped spinels 6.5 Five-volt Spinels 6.6. Vanadium oxides 6.6.1 V6O13 6.6.2 LiVO2 6.6.3 VO2(B) 6.7 Concluding remarks References Chapter 7. PO4-based compounds as cathode materials 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Synthesis routes 7.2.1 Solid-state reaction 7.2.2 Sol-gel method 7.2.3 Hydrothermal method 7.2.4 Coprecipitation method 7.2.5 Microwave synthesis 7.2.6 Poly

Dr. Christian M. Julien received his engineer degree in Physics from Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, Paris and obtained his PhD in materials science from Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris. He has 35 years of research experience in the field of solid state ionics and materials for energy storage and conversion, and, has developed lithium microbatteries. He is especially well known for his contributions on vibrational spectroscopy of lithium intercalation compounds. He was director of NATO Advanced Study Institutes on intercalation compounds and materials for batteries. Presently, he joints the laboratory PHENIX at Université Pierre et Marie Curie where he is investigating cathode and anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Dr. Julien is an active member of The Electrochemical Society and international editorial boards and editor of Journal of Materials.

Dr. Alain Mauger attended the University of Paris where he graduated in solid state physics, obtained the PhD degree in 1974, and Doctorat d'État in 1980. His work focussed on the theory of impurities in semi-metals, electronic structure of solids, and magnetic semiconductors. He left Paris to spend a year at the University of California, Irvine where he continued his work on magnetic semiconductors and optical properties of liquid crystals in collaboration with Professor D.L. Mills, and shared his time between the University of Paris and the University of California up to 1985. He went on to do research at the University of Paris 07 on spin glasses and statistical physics. Since 1992, he has been in university Paris 06, leading different groups on solid state and complex matter physics, before joining IMPMC in 2007 to work on the materials science for Li-ion batteries.

Dr. Ashok Vijh is Maître-de-recherche at the Institut de Recherche d'Hydro-Québec and, concurrently, invited Professor at the INRS of Université du Québec. Elected to The Royal Society of Canada in1985, he was President of its Academy of Science (2005-2007). He is an electrochemist and materials scientist who has published over 360 refereed papers and six books on various problems of charge transfers across electrified interfaces. His work has been awarded over 60 distinctions: prizes, medals, decorations, fellowships, honorary doctorates, named lectureships and professorships, academy memberships and international editorial boards.

Dr. Karim Zaghib received his Ph.D. from the Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble in 1990 and undertook post-doctoral studies under a Saft-DGA contract (1990-1992). From 1992 to 1995, he was a guest researcher at the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and at the Osaka National Research Institute (ONRI). In 1995, he joined Hydro-Québec, where he currently serves as Administrator of the energy storage and conversion unit. Dr. Zaghib is especially well known for his contributions to the development and understanding of lithium-ion battery materials, particularly through his collaborations on graphite anodes, and on olivine cathodes. In 1996, he was the first to propose the use of nano-scale LTO for lithium-ion batteries and hybrid supercapacitors.