Monitors of Organic Chemicals in the Environment : Semipermeable Membrane Devices

Modern, industrialized societies depend on a wide range of chemical substances such as fuels, plastics, biocides, pharmaceuticals and detergents for maintaining the high quality lifestyle to which we aspire. The challenge is to ensure that while weenjoythebene?tsofthesesubstances, theirinevitablereleaseintoourbiosphere does not result in unwanted human and ecosystem exposures, and the risk of - verse effects. One response to this challenge has been the extensive effort to detect and analyze or monitor a multitude of chemicals in a variety of environmental media, especially toxic organic compounds in air, water, soils and biota. The c- ventionalmonitoringstrategyofsamplinglitersorkilogramsoftheenvironmental medium followed by analytical determination of the quantity of chemical in the sample extract has been the successful cornerstone of investigative environmental chemistry. No doubt, it will continue to be so. An extensive literature on these traditional techniques has evolved over the years. In parallel with conventional techniques, and I believe entirely complem- tary to them, a variety of in situ sensing systems have been developed which operate on the principle of the preferential partitioning of contaminants into a - vice, often at concentrations which are large multiples of environmental levels. Advocates point out that these partitioning devices have the advantage of integr- ing chemical concentrations over a prolonged period, thus "averaging" ambient levels. Their high partition coef?cients can yield signi?cant quantities of analyte and reduce problems arising from short-term pulses of concentration and from sample contamination.

JIM PETTY, Regional Science Program Manager, US Geological Survey (GS) Central Region BRD, received his Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 1975 from the University of Missouri-Columbia. Prior to assuming his current regional role, Dr. Petty conducted and directed research in all aspects of environmental chemistry from the development of analytical methods for emerging contaminants of concern and the identification of unknown contaminants to fate studies to better define the bioavailability/bioconcentration of contaminants and their potential adverse effects on organisms. Furthermore, he has developed and applied systems and approaches for ensuring science quality. Dr. Petty has served as the Chief, Environmental Chemistry Branch, USGS's Columbia Environmental Research Center; Director of Analytical Research at the Fermenta Animal Health Company; he was the Chief of the Quality Assurance Branch of the US Environmental Protection Agency[ s Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory-Las Vegas; and the Chief Chemist of the US Fish and Wildlife Service's National Fisheries Contaminant Research Center. Dr. Petty is an adjunct professor of chemistry and member of the doctoral faculty of the University of Missouri-Columbia and has directed the thesis research of two doctoral students and one masters student. He has authored or co-authored more than 100 peer-reviewed publications, numerous presentations at scientific meetings, and six U.S. Government patents covering a wide array of research topics.

JAMES HUCKINS began his career rather abruptly after being drafted into the US Army's Chemical Corps, while enrolled in geochemistry graduate school at the University of Missouri at Rolla. Afterwards, he was employed as an analytical methods chemist by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (F&WS) Fish Pesticide Research Laboratory. During this period he developed or co-developed a number of widely used analytical methods for organic contaminants and hisresearch enabled the selective separation of toxic planar halogenated aromatic compounds from environmental matrices. Then his research interest broadened to include environmental chemistry and he served as leader of the Fate of the Chemical Section at the F&WS's/National Biological Survey's National Fisheries Contaminant Research Center. More recently, he has served as leader of the Chemical Fate and Dynamics Section of the US Geological Survey's Columbia Environmental Research Center. He is the author or co-author of four US Government Patents on passive sampling (including SPMDs) and five other US Government Patents related to chromatographic systems. During his career he has authored or co-authored about 90 peer-reviewed articles/publications and has received more than 15 awards for his research. These awards include the US Department of Interior's meritorious Service Award and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry's Government Service Award for his pioneering research on passive sampling technologies.

KEES BOOIJ was educated as a physical chemist and chemical technologist. He obtained his PhD in chemical oceanography in 1989 at the University of Groningen (The Netherlands) on solute exchange between sediment and water. Since 1989 he was employed as a scientist at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, working on the fate of organic contaminants in the marine environment. After some initial unsatisfactory experiences with batch extraction techniques for determining dissolved organic contaminant concentrations in sea water, he became interested in the evaluation of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) for determining dissolved contaminants in both sea water and air. Early on he recognized the importance of boundary layers in exchange processes related to passive samplers. In a seminal paper on SPMDs, he demonstrated the dramatic effects on SPMD sampling rates of significant difference in facial flowvelocities and highlighted methodology to account for this environmental variable. Over the past few years, his main interest has been to model the basic processes that govern the kinetics of solute exchange between passive samplers and water/air, aiming to strengthen passive sampling technology as a practical tool for contaminant fate assessment. He has authored or co-authored 25 publications in the peer-reviewed literature.