[Portrait by Jules Boilly]
Cassini, Jean Dominique
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Paris, J. [L.] Boilly, 1820. Engraved, tinted broadsheet (36.3 x 27.3 cm). = A rarely-seen portrait of the French mathematician, trogonometrist, and astronomer Jean Dominique Cassini (1748-1845), great-grandson of another great astronomer, Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625-1712). Cassini was born at the Paris Observatory. He succeeded his father as director of the observatory in 1784; but his plans for its restoration and re-equipment were wrecked in 1793 by the animosity of the National Assembly. His position having become intolerable, he resigned on 6 September and was thrown into prison in 1794, but released after seven months. He then withdrew to Thury (Yonne), where he died. In 1770, he published an account of a voyage to America in 1768, undertaken as the commissary of the French Academy of Sciences with a view to testing Pierre Le Roy s watches at sea. In 1783, his father César-François Cassini de Thury had sent a letter to the Royal Society in London, in which he proposed a trigonometric survey connecting the observatories of Paris and Greenwich for the purpose of better determining the latitude and longitude of the latter. His proposal was accepted, resulting in the Anglo-French Survey (1784-1790). The results of the survey were published in 1791. Dominique, comte de Cassini visited England with Pierre Méchain and Adrien-Marie Legendre, and the three met William Herschel at Slough. He completed his father's map of France, which was published by the Academy of Sciences in 1793. It served as the basis for the Atlas National (1791), showing France in departments." (Wikipedia). The artist, Julien-Léopold Boilly (1796-1874) was noted for his album of lithographs, Iconographie de l'Institut royal de France ou collection des portraits des Membres composant les quatre académies depuis 1814 jusqu'en 1825 (1820-1825). His portraits are much less stiff and formal than many by his contemporaries. Signed by the artist in the lower margin of the portrait and dated 1820. The caption states the date of Cassini's birth and the years (1770, resp. 1799) in which he was elected as a member of the Académie and of the Institut. Uncut. Scattered, very mild foxing, mostly in the outer margins; a very short (7 mm) tear in the lower margin; otherwise very good. N° de réf. du vendeur 77483
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[Portrait by Jules Boilly]
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Paris, J. [L.] Boilly, 1822. Engraved broadsheet (36.3 x 27.3 cm). = A rarely-seen portrait of the French physicist and mathematician Claude-Louis Mathieu (1783-1875). He ".began his career as an engineer. He worked with the Bureau des Longitudes and tried to determine the distance of the stars. Awarded the Lalande Prize twice, in 1808 and 1815". (Wikipedia). The artist, Julien-Léopold Boilly (1796-1874) was noted for his album of lithographs, Iconographie de l'Institut royal de France ou collection des portraits des Membres composant les quatre académies depuis 1814 jusqu'en 1825 (1820-1825). His portraits are much less stiff and formal than many by his contemporaries. Signed by the artist in the lower margin of the portrait. The caption states the date of Mathieu's birth and the year (1817) in which he was elected as a member of the Institut. Uncut. With in the lower right corner a small, oval blindstamp, "Galerie Vivienne Bénard". Damp stain in the upper left corner, well outside the printed area; scattered foxing; a few weak marginal creases and a short tear in the right margin; otherwise very good. N° de réf. du vendeur 77479
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[Portrait by Jules Boilly]
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Paris, J. [L.] Boilly, 1820. Engraved broadsheet (36.3 x 27.3 cm). = A rarely-seen portrait of the French chemist and pharmacist Louis Nicolas Vauquelin FRS (1763-1829). He was the discoverer of two elements: chromium and beryllium. The artist, Julien-Léopold Boilly (1796-1874) was noted for his album of lithographs, Iconographie de l'Institut royal de France ou collection des portraits des Membres composant les quatre académies depuis 1814 jusqu'en 1825 (1820-1825). His portraits are much less stiff and formal than many by his contemporaries. Signed by the artist in the lower left margin of the portrait and dated 1820. The caption states the date of his birth and the year (1795) in which Vauquelin was elected as a member of the Institut. Uncut. With in the lower right corner a small, oval blindstamp, 'Galerie Vivienne Bénard'. Scattered mild foxing; a damp-stain in the top-left corner, some soling, denting, and marginal fraying, as well as a short tear in the top edge; otherwise good. N° de réf. du vendeur 77467
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[Portrait by Jules Boilly]
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Paris, J. [L.] Boilly, 1820. Engraved, tinted broadsheet (36.3 x 27.3 cm). = A rarely-seen portrait of the French mineralogist and chemist René Just Haüy (1743-1822), commonly known as Abbé Haüy after he became a Roman Catholic priest and was made an honorary canon of Notre Dame in Paris. Due to his innovative work on crystal structure and his four-volume Traité de Minéralogie (1801), he is often, and rightfully, referred to as the 'Father of Modern Crystallography'. During the French revolution he also helped to establish the metric system, Haüy is also known for his observations on pyroelectricity (he detected pyroelectricity in calamine, an oxide of zinc, as early as 1785) and studied the polarization of light (see, e.g., Wikipedia). The artist, Julien-Léopold Boilly (1796-1874) was noted for his album of lithographs, Iconographie de l'Institut royal de France ou collection des portraits des Membres composant les quatre académies depuis 1814 jusqu'en 1825 (1820-1825). His portraits are much less stiff and formal than many by his contemporaries. Signed by the artist in the lower left margin of the portrait. The caption states the date of Haüy's birth and the year (1795) in which he was elected as a member of the Institut. Uncut. Scattered, mild foxing; some denting and creasing, mainly in the margins; left edge with two short tears, the tinted surface a bit unevenly toned; otherwise very good. N° de réf. du vendeur 77486
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[Portrait by Jules Boilly]
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Paris, J. [L.] Boilly, 1823. Engraved broadsheet (36.3 x 27.3 cm). = A rarely-seen portrait of the French physicist and chemist Pierre Louis Dulong FRS (1785-1838). "He is remembered today largely for the law of Dulong and Petit, although he was much-lauded by his contemporaries for his studies into the elasticity of steam, conduction of heat, and specific heats of gases. He worked most extensively on the specific heat capacity and the expansion and refractive indices of gases. He collaborated several times with fellow scientist Alexis Petit, the co-creator of the Dulong-Petit law. Dulong also discovered the dangerously sensitive nitrogen trichloride in 1811, losing three fingers and an eye in the process. The fact that Dulong kept the accident a secret meant that Humphry Davy's investigation of the compound had the same unfortunate consequence, although Davy's injuries were less severe. "In addition to his accomplishments in chemistry, Dulong has been hailed as an interdisciplinary expert. His contemporaries in the Royal Society of London acknowledged his 'command of almost every department of physical science'. In 1815, Dulong collaborated for the first time with Alexis Petit, in publishing a paper on heat expansion. The two would continue to collaborate, researching the specific heats of metals. In 1819, Dulong and Petit showed that the mass heat capacity of metallic elements are inversely proportional to their atomic masses, this being now known as the Dulong-Petit law. This law, though largely discredited in modern times, helped develop the periodic table and, more broadly, the examination of atomic masses" (Wikipedia). The artist, Julien-Léopold Boilly (1796-1874) was noted for his album of lithographs, Iconographie de l'Institut royal de France ou collection des portraits des Membres composant les quatre académies depuis 1814 jusqu'en 1825 (1820-1825). His portraits are much less stiff and formal than many by his contemporaries. Signed by the artist in the lower left margin of the portrait. The caption states the date of his birth and the year (1823) when Dulong was elected as a member of the Institut. Uncut. With in the upper left margin a rather vague damp-stain; scattered foxing throughout, some marginal creasing, and in lower right corner a small, oval blindstamp, 'Galerie Vivienne Bénard'. Some light creasing and denting in the right margin; otherwise very good. N° de réf. du vendeur 77465
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[Portrait by Jules Boilly]
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Paris, J. [L.] Boilly, 1821. Engraved broadsheet (36.3 x 27.3 cm). = A rarely-seen portrait of the French mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson (1781-1840). Poisson '.worked on statistics, complex analysis, partial differential equations, the calculus of variations, analytical mechanics, electricity and magnetism, thermodynamics, elasticity, and fluid mechanics. Moreover, he predicted the Poisson spot in his attempt to disprove the wave theory of Augustin-Jean Fresnel, which was later confirmed. As a teacher of mathematics Poisson is said to have been extraordinarily successful, as might have been expected from his early promise as a répétiteur at the École Polytechnique. As a scientific worker, his productivity has rarely if ever been equalled. Notwithstanding his many official duties, he found time to publish more than three hundred works, several of them extensive treatises, and many of them memoirs dealing with the most abstruse branches of pure mathematics, applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and rational mechanics. (Arago attributed to him the quote, "Life is good for only two things: doing mathematics and teaching it")' (Wikipedia). The artist, Julien-Léopold Boilly (1796-1874) was noted for his album of lithographs, Iconographie de l'Institut royal de France ou collection des portraits des Membres composant les quatre académies depuis 1814 jusqu'en 1825 (1820-1825). His portraits are much less stiff and formal than many by his contemporaries. Signed by the artist in the lower margin of the portrait and dated 1821. The caption states the date of Poisson's birth and the year (1812) in which he was elected as a member of the Institut. Uncut. With in the lower right corner a small, oval blind-stamp, "Galerie Vivienne Bénard". Scattered, very mild foxing; a few weak marginal creases; otherwise very good. N° de réf. du vendeur 77484
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Paris, J. [L.] Boilly, 1820. Engraved, tinted broadsheet (36.3 x 27.3 cm). = A rarely-seen portrait of the French botanist Réné Louiche Desfontaines (1752-1833). "Desfontaines in 1773 went to Paris to study medicine. His interest in botany originated from lectures at the Jardin des Plantes given by Louis Guillaume Lemonnier. He excelled in his new interest and was elected to the French Academy of Sciences. He was also a member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine. Desfontaines spent two years in Tunisia and Algeria, returning with a large collection of plants. He wrote Flora Atlantica (1798-1799), which included 300 genera new to science. In addition, he worked also on ornithology, and presented the findings of his expeditions to Africa for one of the Memoires de L'Académie Royale des Sciences. Although the Mémoire corresponds to the year 1787, it was not published until 1789 by L'Imprimerie Royal as part of the Histoire de L'Académie Royale de Sciences. The convulsions of the French Revolution may have made the access to the text so scarce that in 1880 the ornithologist Alfred Newton republished the original text under the title Desfontaines's Mémoire sur quelques nouvelles espèces d'oiseaux des côtes de Barbarie on behalf of the Willughby Society of London. In 1786, he was appointed professor of botany at the Jardin des Plantes, replacing Lemonnier. He later became director of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, was one of the founders of the Institut de France, president of the Academy of Sciences, and elected to the Légion d'honneur. During the French Revolution he was appointed to the Commission Temporaire des Arts where he shaped a new vision of Natural History. Desfontaines established a herbarium, known as the Flora Atlantica, which has 1480 specimens and contains many type specimens for Mediterranean species. It was left to the City of Paris after his death. The genera Desfontainia and Fontanesia are named for this author" (Wikipedia). The artist, Julien-Léopold Boilly (1796-1874) was noted for his album of lithographs, Iconographie de l'Institut royal de France ou collection des portraits des Membres composant les quatre académies depuis 1814 jusqu'en 1825 (1820-1825). His portraits are much less stiff and formal than many by his contemporaries. Signed by the artist in the lower margin of the portrait and dated 1820. The caption states the date of his birth and the years when Desfontaines was elected as a member of the Académie (1782). Uncut. Right upper corner creased and soiled, several smaller, mostly marginal creases and dents; very small, insignificant burn mark in the figure, otherwise very good. Chevalier, A. (1939). La Vie et l'Oeuvre de René Desfontaines. Fondateur de l'herbier du Muséum. La Carrière d'un savant sous la révolution. N° de réf. du vendeur 77482
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[Portrait by Jules Boilly]
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Paris, J. [L.] Boilly, [1822]. Engraved broadsheet (36.3 x 27.3 cm). = A rarely-seen portrait of the French physicist and mathematician André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836). He '.was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as "electrodynamics". He is also the inventor of numerous applications, such as the solenoid (a term coined by him) and the electrical telegraph. As an autodidact, Ampère was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and professor at the École Polytechnique and the Collège de France. The SI unit of measurement of electric current, the ampere, is named after him' (Wikipedia). The artist, Julien-Léopold Boilly (1796-1874) was noted for his album of lithographs, Iconographie de l'Institut royal de France ou collection des portraits des Membres composant les quatre académies depuis 1814 jusqu'en 1825 (1820-1825). His portraits are much less stiff and formal than many by his contemporaries. Signed by the artist in the lower margin of the portrait. The caption states the date of Ampère's birth and the year (1814) in which he was elected as a member of the Institut. Uncut. With in the lower right corner a small, oval blind-stamp, 'Galerie Vivienne Bénard'. Scattered, minimal, very mild foxing; a few weak marginal creases; the edges a bit toned, frayed, and chipped; otherwise very good. N° de réf. du vendeur 77469
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[Portrait by Jules Boilly]
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Paris, J. [L.] Boilly, [1822]. Engraved broadsheet (36.3 x 27.3 cm). = A rarely-seen portrait of the French anatomist and physiologist François Magendie (1783-1855). He was "considered a pioneer of experimental physiology. He is known for describing the foramen of Magendie. There is also a Magendie sign, a downward and inward rotation of the eye due to a lesion in the cerebellum. Magendie was a faculty at the College of France, holding the Chair of Medicine from 1830 to 1855. In 1816 he published his Précis élementaire de Physiologie which described an experiment first illustrating the concept of empty calories: 'I took a dog of three years old, fat, and in good health, and put it to feed upon sugar alone.It expired the 32nd day of the experiment.' His most important contribution to science was also his most disputed. Contemporaneous to Sir Charles Bell, Magendie conducted a number of experiments on the nervous system, in particular verifying the differentiation between sensory and motor nerves in the spinal cord, the so-called Bell-Magendie law. This led to an intense rivalry, with the British claiming that Bell published his discoveries first and that Magendie stole his experiments. The intensity of this scientific rivalry perhaps can only be compared to that between Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke. Magendie was also a notorious vivisector, shocking even many of his contemporaries with the live dissections that he performed at public lectures in physiology. Richard Martin, an Irish MP, in introducing his famous bill banning animal cruelty in the United Kingdom, described Magendie's public dissection of a greyhound, in which the beast was nailed down ear and paw, half the nerves of its face dissected then left overnight for further dissection, calling Magendie a 'disgrace to Society.' There was a belief among British physicians, even those who defended animal experimentation, that Magendie purposely subjected his experimental animals to needless torture. A Quaker once visited him, questioning him about vivisection; according to Anne Fagot-Largeault's inaugural lesson at the College of France, he responded with much patience, argumenting the reasons of animal experimentation. Besides drawing sharp criticism from contemporaries in both Britain and France, Magendie's methods were later criticized by, among others, Charles Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley. Colin White credits to Magendie the earliest version of the phrase "Lies, damned lies, and statistics". While arguing against using blood-letting to treat fever, and confronted with statistical numbers he believed to be manufactured, Magendie stated: "Thus the alteration of the truth which is already manifesting itself in the progressive form of lying and perjury, offers us, in the superlative, the statistics." (Wikipedia). The artist, Julien-Léopold Boilly (1796-1874) was noted for his album of lithographs, Iconographie de l'Institut royal de France ou collection des portraits des Membres composant les quatre académies depuis 1814 jusqu'en 1825 (1820-1825). His portraits are much less stiff and formal than many by his contemporaries. Signed by the artist in the lower left margin of the portrait. The caption states the date of his birth and the years when Magendie was elected as a member of the Académie (Medical section). Uncut. With in the lower right corner a small, oval blindstamp, 'Galerie Vivienne Bénard'. Scattered light foxing; several creases, and a short tear in the bottom margin; otherwise very good. N° de réf. du vendeur 77473
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[Portrait by Jules Boilly]
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Paris, J. [L.] Boilly, 1821. Engraved, tinted broadsheet (36.3 x 27.3 cm). = A rarely-seen portrait of the French zoologist (principally entomologist) Pierre André Latreille (1762- 1833). "Having trained as a Roman Catholic priest before the French Revolution, Latreille was imprisoned, and only regained his freedom after recognising a rare beetle species he found in the prison, Necrobia ruficollis. He published his first important work in 1796 (Précis des caractères génériques des insectes), and was eventually employed by the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. His foresighted work on arthropod systematics and taxonomy gained him respect and accolades, including being asked to write the volume on arthropods for George Cuvier's monumental work, Le Règne Animal, the only part not by Cuvier himself. Latreille was considered the foremost entomologist of his time, and was described by one of his pupils as 'the prince of entomologists'. Although Latreille named many species, his primary interest was in describing genera. He introduced the concept of the "type species", a species to which the name of a genus is firmly attached. Similarly, he favoured the method of naming families after one of the constituent genera, rather than some defining feature of the group, implicitly designating a type genus for the family" (Wikipedia). The artist, Julien-Léopold Boilly (1796-1874) was noted for his album of lithographs, Iconographie de l'Institut royal de France ou collection des portraits des Membres composant les quatre académies depuis 1814 jusqu'en 1825 (1820-1825). His portraits are much less stiff and formal than many by his contemporaries. Signed by the artist in the lower right margin of the portrait and dated 1821. The caption states the date of Latreille's birth and the year (1814) when he was elected as a member of the Institut. Uncut. Creasing to the top right corner; scattered, mostly marginal foxing, two short tears in left margin; otherwise very good. N° de réf. du vendeur 77480
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[Portrait by Jules Boilly]
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Paris, J. [L.] Boilly, 1822. Engraved broadsheet (36.3 x 27.3 cm). = A rarely-seen portrait of the French polymath (chiefly physicist, astronomer, and mathematician) Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace). His works were ".important to the development of engineering, mathematics, statistics, physics, astronomy, and philosophy. He summarized and extended the work of his predecessors in his five-volume Mécanique céleste (Celestial Mechanics). This work translated the geometric study of classical mechanics to one based on calculus, opening up a broader range of problems. In statistics, the Bayesian interpretation of probability was developed mainly by Laplace. Laplace formulated Laplace's equation, and pioneered the Laplace transform which appears in many branches of mathematical physics, a field that he took a leading role in forming. The Laplacian differential operator, widely used in mathematics, is also named after him. He restated and developed the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the Solar System and was one of the first scientists to suggest an idea similar to that of a black hole. Laplace is regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time. Sometimes referred to as the French Newton or Newton of France, he has been described as possessing a phenomenal natural mathematical faculty superior to that of almost all of his contemporaries" (Wikipedia). The artist, Julien-Léopold Boilly (1796-1874) was noted for his album of lithographs, Iconographie de l'Institut royal de France ou collection des portraits des Membres composant les quatre académies depuis 1814 jusqu'en 1825 (1820-1825). His portraits are much less stiff and formal than many by his contemporaries. Signed by the artist in the lower margin of the portrait and dated 1822. The caption states the date of La Place's birth and the years in which he was elected as a member of the Académie and the Institut. Uncut. With in the lower right corner a small, oval blindstamp, "Galerie Vivienne Bénard". Scattered, very mild foxing; a few weak marginal creases; otherwise very good. N° de réf. du vendeur 77468
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