Seasonal Settlement in the Medieval and Early Modern Countryside (RURALIA)

For the first time seasonality is placed at the centre of the study of rural settlement. Using a Europe-wide approach, it provides a primer of examples, of techniques and of ideas for the identification and understanding of seasonal settlement. As such, it marks an important new step in the interpretation of the use of the countryside by historic communities linked to the annual passage of the year. The particular studies are introduced by an opening essay which draws wider conclusions about the study of seasonal settlement, followed by 31 papers by authors from all parts of Europe and beyond.

By its very nature ephemeral, seasonal settlement in the medieval and early modern periods is less well researched than permanent settlement. It is often presumed that seasonal settlement is the result of transhumance, but it was only one facet of seasonal settlement. It was also necessitated by other forms of economic activity, such as fishing, charcoal-burning, or iron-smelting, including settlements of pastoralists such as nomads, drovers, herders as well as labourers’ huts within the farming context. The season a settlement was occupied varied from one activity to another and from one place to another – summer is good for grazing in many mountainous areas, but winter proved best for some industrial processes. While upland and mountainous settlements built of stone are easily recognised, those that use wood and more perishable materials are less obvious. Despite this, the settlements of nomadic pastoralists in both tundra and desert or of fishermen in the Baltic region are nonetheless identifiable. Yet for all that definitive recognition of seasonal settlement is rarely possible on archaeological grounds alone. Although material remains can be of particular importance, generally it is the combination of documentary information, ethnography, geographical context and palaeo-environmental data that provide frameworks for interpreting seasonal settlements.

Contents:

Foreword
Piers Dixon and Claudia Theune

SECTION ONE: SEASONAL SETTLEMENT AND MEDIEVAL ENVIRONMENT

Seasonal settlement in rural archaeology as a research question
Piers Dixon

Too much environment and not enough history: the opportunities and challenges in researching seasonal settlement in Atlantic Europe
Richard Oram

SECTION TWO: SEASONAL SETTLEMENT IN SOUTHERN EUROPE

Archaeological research on seasonal settlement in the south-west part of Europe – an overview
Caterina Tente and Margarita Fernandez Mier

Archaeological research into seasonal settlement in a medieval and early modern countryside landscape in East-Tyrol, Austria
Elizabeth Waldhart

A multi-disciplinary approach to the relationship between seasonal settlements and multiple uses: case studies from southern Europe (10th-21st Century)
Anna Maria Stagno

Transhumance in medieval Serbia
Ugljesa Vojvodic

Multi-functionality of grazing areas in the Cantabrian Mountains
Margarita Fernandez Mier and Pablo Gomez

Ploughs, herds and chafurdões: vernacular architecture and land-use in modern Castelo de Vide (Alto Alentejo, Portugal)
Fabián Cuesta-Gómez and Sara Prata

From Roman villa rustica to modern farmers grange – the specific way of seasonal settlements in eastern Croatia
Anita Rapan Papesa and Pia Smalcelj Novakovic

SECTION THREE: SEASONAL SETTLEMENT IN NORTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPE

Seasonal settlement in Wales
Rhiannon Comeau and Bob Silvester

Seasonal upland settlement as an indicator of ‘glocalisation’ in rural northern Europe, c.1350-1850
Eugene Costello

Seasonal and/or permanent? Entangled flexibility in the Scandinavian forested mountains
Eva Svensson

Upland habitation at Castle Campbell in the Ochils, Scotland: a multi-functional historic landscape at Dollar Glen
Daniel Rhodes

Palynological data on vegetation and land use change at a shieling ground on Ben Lawers, Central Scottish Highlands, since the 13th century AD
Richard Tipping

From seasonal settlement to medieval villages? The early medieval settlement in coastal region of Uusimaa, southern Finland
Tuuli Heinonen

Building crannogs in the 9th–12th centuries AD in northern Scotland: an old tradition in a new landscape
Michael Stratigos

‘This piece of singular bad neighbourhood’: disputed upland grazing and deer preservation in Mamlorn Forest, Scotland 1730-1744
Ian Maclellan

Early medieval seasonal and temporary settlements in the forest zone of Eastern Europe: the case of the culture of Pskov long barrows
Elena Mikhaylova

SECTION FOUR: INDUSTRY, TRADE AND SEASONAL SETTLEMENT

Whisky distilling in rural post-medieval Scotland
Darroch Bratt

Seasonal settlements and the production of iron in the Norwegian mountains
Kjetil Loftsgarden

Settlements by seasonal horse markets in inland Norway
Marie Odegaard

Seasonality and the logistics of late medieval and early modern cattle trade in Hungary
Laszlo Ferenczi

In which part of the year did the iron smelting in the Drava valley occur?
Ivan Valent and Tajana Sekelj Ivancan

Albuen, the king’s herring market, Denmark
Leif Lauritsen

Seasonal activities and settlements in medieval and early modern Czech Lands
Tomas Klir and Martin Janovsky

SECTION FIVE: HERDING AND NOMADISM

Long term patterns of nomadic and sedentary settlement in the crowded desert of north-west Qatar
Jose Carvajal Lopez

Seasonal settlement of the Sámi reindeer herders in northernmost Fennoscandia c. 800–1950 AD
Oula Seitsonen

Changes in seasonal settlement patterns of the forest Sami in Fennoscandia
Gudrun Norstedt

SECTION SIX: WOODLANDS AND SEASONAL SETTLEMENT

Dendrochronological research to track transhumance through shepherds’ woodcarving in the Pyrenees
Mireia Celma-Martinez and Elena Muntán-Bordas

To browse and mast and meadow glades: seasonal settlement in the Weald of south-east England
Andrew Margetts

‘Living in the woods, living on pastures’: a historical and archaeological comparative study of seasonal pastoral and craft-related settlements in medieval and post-medieval southern France
Sylvain Burri

Places, territories and routes of medieval and early modern practice of pannage in Hungary
Czilla Zatyko

Piers Dixon is an Honorary Lecturer at Stirling University, UK, formerly a Deputy Head of the Survey and Recording at Historic Environment Scotland and an investigator at the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. His research interests include rural settlement, castles and landscape. His recent publications include A History of Scotland's Landscapes, Historic Environment Scotland (2018); 'What do we really know about transhumance in medieval Scotland' in Costello, E. and Svensson, E. (eds) Historical Archaeologies of transhumance across Europe, EAA (2018); and 'Cruck buildings in Scotland: A review' in Nat Alcock and Paul Barnwell (eds) Cruck Building: A Survey, Shaun Tyas (2019).

Claudia Theune is Professor for Historical Archaeology at the University of Vienna with a special/great/deep interest in contemporary archaeology. Her main research fields are: Early Medieval funeral and social archaeology, Medieval archaeology of marginal landscapes, urban archaeology, as well as, Archaeology of the contemporary past (research projects in the former concentration camps of Sachsenhausen (Brandenburg, Germany), Mauthausen (Upper Austria, Austria) and its sub camps (Loibl-North, Carinthia, Austria; Gunskirchen, Upper Austria, Austria), massgrave Rechnitz (Burgenland, Austria), Five Islands, Trinidad and Tobago)