Synopsis
Book by Stack Jack Burlingham Bo
Extrait
1 A Culture of Ownership
There's a great experiment going on in business today that involves literally thousands of companies and millions of people, but it's one of the best-kept secrets around. I know about the experiment because my company, SRC Holdings Corporation (formerly Springfield ReManufacturing Corporation), is part of it. For twenty years now, my colleagues and I have been trying to develop a particular type of culture at SRC. In the process, we've come into contact with thousands upon thousands of people who are trying to do the same thing at their companies.
A lot of those people have visited us in southwestern Missouri. By conservative estimates, we've had more than 4,600 people from 1,600 companies come to see what we're doing and learn about the Great Game of Business, the management system we've developed to teach everybody in our company about business and to turn our employees into owners. That's prompted Business Week to label SRC a "management Mecca." Another 5,000 people from 1,700 companies have attended the various conferences we hold for current and would-be practitioners of open-book management, which is the generic term for what we do. There we've been joined by our kindred spirits in the corporate world, including some of the most revered companies around--Southwest Airlines, Harley-Davidson, VeriFone, Outback Steakhouse, AES Corp., Whole Foods Market, Kingston Technology, and ServiceMaster, to name a few.
Meanwhile, the book we wrote about our management system in 1992 has sold more than 200,000 copies and been translated into Russian, Spanish, Hungarian, Chinese, and Korean. People have applied the principles of the Game to an awesome array of businesses--from oil companies to hair salons, from Internet start-ups to roller coaster manufacturers, from fast-food chains to law firms, landscapers, mining operations, even not-for-profit social service organizations.
Not just in the United States, either. SRC has become famous in places we once barely knew existed. There are companies in Zambia and Malaysia that practice the Great Game of Business. The Australian 60 Minutes did a segment on our company, and it became one of the program's most requested videotapes. Delegations have come to see us from as far away as India, South Africa, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Japan, wherever--all interested in finding out as much as they can about the way we do business.
At a certain point, you have to ask yourself, Why? What could all these people be looking for, and why would they trek all the way to the Ozarks to find it? I like to think of SRC as a leading-edge business, but let's face it: We're not a high-flying star of technology, and we don't live in a hot zone of the new economy, or even a major metropolitan area. While we have our own Internet-based subsidiary, most of the companies we operate are involved in the making and selling of engines and engine components, an old-economy industry if there ever was one.
Nor can you explain the interest by our business sucess alone. Yes, we've done well. A share of SRC stock that was worth 10 cents in 1983, the year we started, had an appraised value of $81.60 as of January 31, 2001, and increase of 816, 000 percent in eighteen years. During that time, we've grown from $16 million to $160 million in sales; from 119 to more than 900 employees; and from one company to 22. After losing $60,000 in our first year, we've had seventeen straight years of unbroken profits. It's a good record, and I'm proud of it, but many companies can marshal equally impressive growth statistics, and they don't all acquire the kind of notoriety that we have.
There are some other numbers, however, that I suspect get closer to explaining why people come to Springfield to see us. When we started in 1983, we had just thirteen shareholders--me and the twelve other managers who'd scrounged around and come up with the $100,000 we needed to make a down payment on the factory where we worked. Today we have 727 shareholders, all employees, just five of whom have stock from the original buyout. The other 722 shareholders own 64 percent of the business, valued at $23 million.
That transfer of ownership is the result of an odyssey we began two decades ago. During that time, we've worked long and hard to foster an environment that brings out the best in people, giving them the confidence, the courage, and the self-esteem to do what they're capable of. How? Mainly by trying to be as loyal to them as they've been to the business by creating a place where they can feel more secure.
There's a level of mutual trust and respect at SRC that doesn't exist in a lot of companies. It comes from everything we've done to build our culture. It comes from being honest with people, from telling them about the realities of business, from having principles and sticking by them, from trying to be fair. I suppose it's also important that we've avoided mass layoffs, but it's more important that we've done it together, by keeping our promises to one another, by living up to our mutual commitments. We've treated people like the capable, intelligent adults we know they are. We haven't protected them like children. We've created a society built around rules we all know and understand--some of which we've developed, but many of which we've gotten from the marketplace. They're the basic rules of business, the things we have to do to survive and prosper in a competitive economy.
Out of all this has emerged a special kind of corporate culture--what I think of as a culture of ownership. It's that culture, I believe, that is drawing all those people to Springfield. They want to see it, feel it, smell it, taste it, and they want to find out how to create something similar in their own companies.
The Definition of a Culture
So what exactly is a culture of ownership, and where does it come from? The term, I admit, is tricky to define. It’s a little like what a Supreme Court justice once said about pornography: It’s hard to say exactly what it is, but you know when you see it. By that standard, if no other, we can all think of companies we’re familiar with that have an ownership of culture. Southwest Airlines comes to mind. Harley-Davidson and Home Depot do as well. So, for that matter, do Herman Miller, the $2.2 billion furniture maker, and Whole Foods Market, the $1.8 billion natural foods grocery chain, and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), the $5.9 billion, employee-owned defense contractor.
Each of those companies has a distinctive corporate culture you quickly become aware of when you walk into one of their facilities or spend time with their employees. There’s a sense of pride, identity, direction, and purpose. People know they’re part of something bigger than what they do on a day-to-day basis. They belong to something, and it belongs to them. They have ownership, and it’s a two-way street.
But while most people can recognize an ownership culture when they see it, they have many misconceptions about what it takes to develop one. There’s a common belief, for example, that it’s all about owning stock. Equity-sharing certainly plays a crucial role, but you don’t get an ownership culture simply by giving stock to employees. We’ve seen a lot of that in recent years, and more often that not the result has been disappointment and misunderstanding.
Part of the problem has been the tendency of companies to use stock merely as a form of compensation–a carrot to get people to work harder. In a company with a strong culture of ownership, stock is more than compensation. First and foremost, it’s a vehicle for change. The goal is not just to reward people for the work they do, or to maximize profits for their own sake, or to enhance shareholder value, improve cash flow, whatever. Rather equity is used to involve people in the process of making a difference in the world.
Why? Because business is not an end itself. It’s a means to an end. It’s a tool that allows us to accomplish the things that matter most to us, and those things must transcend business to have real meaning and value. The precise nature of those loftier goals will vary from company to company, even from person to person, but you must have them. They are what makes ownership worth caring about.
And to be an owner, a true owner, you have to care. Owners do not follow a job description. They don’t just put in their time. They have something bigger they’re working toward, and they feel a sense of responsibility about accomplishing it. They go beyond mere problem solving and look for creative, innovative ways to reach their goals. They are independent-minded, freethinking people, leaders not followers, and they know how to take the bad with the good. Indeed, they’re often at their best when the going gets tough. They have what it takes to reach down and find the inner sources of strength that allow them to keep moving forward, no matter what gets in their way.
At SRC, we wanted to have a culture that would draw out those qualities in the people who work here. But to build such a culture–and to sustain it–you must also have a company that comes on the promises it makes to its employees. It’s relatively easy to create an illusion of ownership by handing out stock or stock options. It’s far more difficult to give people the tools they need to realize the rewards that ownership can provide.
We’ve been trying to figure out how to do that for the entire time we’ve been in business. It has been a long, slow, difficult journey, filled with pitfalls and obstacles, and we haven’t yet reached the end of it. Perhaps you never do. But we’ve been able to overcome a lot of the obstacles, mainly because we’ve put so much effort into teaching people about business, creating mechanisms that have allowed them to learn about the complexities of ownership as they’ve been engaged in the process of building an enduring company.
Those mechanisms are the building blocks of the Great Game of Business.
Continuous Learning
I want to be clear about what I mean by the word mechanism. I’m talking here about a regular process, program, or routine that has become an integral part of our management system–our 10-20-30-40 bonus program, for example, our high-involvement planning process, or our weekly hurdles. We wrote about several mechanisms (including those three) in our first book, The Great Game of Business. Since then, we’ve developed several more, some of which we’ll discuss later on in this book.
All of these mechanisms serve more than one function. To begin with, they’re management tools. The bonus program provides incentives to achieve certain goals; the planning process produces an annual plan; the huddles are essential means of communication; and so on.
In addition, the mechanisms allow us to delegate a tremendous amount of authority and responsibility by giving people the information they need to make decisions that are in the best interests of the company, both short and long term.
Then, too, the mechanisms embody our values and transmit our culture to new employees. With the weekly huddles, the scoreboards and charts on the walls, the constant chatter about hitting targets, it doesn’t take long for someone to figure out what we stand for.
Those are all valuable functions, and I could probably come up with others. It’s important to understand, however, that by far the most critical function of the Great Game mechanisms is education. They are the tools we use to promote continuous learning in every corner of the organization. They are the means by which we make informal business training a regular part of our day-to-day routines.
Let me say a few words here about informal training, which I’ve always found to be better, cheaper, and more effective than formal training.
I like to use a fishing analogy. You can do all the research in the world on bass fishing. You can find teachers who’ll tell you everything they know. You can read every fishing magazine, study every fishing book, and watch Jimmy Houston on ESPN. But it won’t mean anything until you go on a lake and start throwing a lure. When you feel that first bite–or have the first backlash–you’ll begin to learn about fishing.
I’m not saying that formal instruction is worthless, just that it’s over-rated. According to an authoritative study conducted by the Center for Workforce Development, formal training programs account for only about 30 percent of what people know about their jobs. The rest they pick up informally from the people they work with–at the coffee machine, in the lunchroom, during breaks on the floor.
Those findings aren’t as surprising as they may seem at first glance. Think about how it works in most organizations. When new people come in, they usually get some kind of job orientation. Somebody explains their benefits and tells them what’s expected on the job. But who gives them their real orientation? How do they find out what’s really expected? They learn, right, but not in any formal training session. I’m reminded of a story I heard once from a guy who worked in a giant automobile factory. I’d asked him how new employees find out what they have to do to be successful. “It’s real simple,” he said. “Somebody tells them, ‘Keep your nose clean for ninety days, and you’ll have a job for life.”’ Talk about transmitting a culture.
The point is that job-related learning goes on whether or not we’re aware of it. People learn through a whole series of events that most companies don’t even recognize, and so they never figure out how to leverage the process. They don’t see how much training you can do outside of any formal training program.
I believe that people learn when they participate in games or work in teams. People learn when they have meetings or interact with customers. When you talk with your supervisor, you learn. When you mentor another employee, you learn. When you report to your peers, you learn. When you come up with a replacement so that you can move on to another job, you learn.
That’s the informal training process. Through it, people learn interpersonal skills–how to communicate, how to handle themselves in a group, how to deal with different personalities. They learn to fit into the company’s culture, how to live up to expectations. They learn how to innovate, how to create new products and services. They acquire the practical skills they need to do a particular job, as well as the mental skills they can use wherever they go: the ability to solve problems, to think critically, to integrate task, to compete and win. Some people are extraordinary at winning. Why? Mainly because they’ve learned how–through informal training.
This is a critical point that, for some reason, I have a hard time getting across to people who want to understand the success of our management system. They focus on the design of the bonus program, or the selection of a critical number. They think it’s all about finding the right incentives. Wrong. It’s all about leveraging the informal training process, using the regular routines of the company to promote continous learning. A bonus program may help you hit certain goals and put some money in the pockets of your employees, but you’ll miss the greatest potential benefit if you don’t make the connection to learning.
I don’t believe you can build a durable ownership culture without some such system of ongoing business education. Nobody can think and act like an owner without understanding the basic rules of business, and to teach people those rules. We start with the idea that there are two things every company must do to stay in b...
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