HEORY of the EARTH; or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the
Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration, of Land upon the Globe.
SECTION I.
Prospect of the Subject to be treated of.
When we trace the parts of which this terrestrial system is composed, and
whenwe view the general connection of those several parts, thewhole presents
a machine of a peculiar construction by which it is adapted to a certain end.
We perceive a fabric, erected in wisdom, to obtain a purpose worthy of the
power that is apparent in the production of it.
We know little of the earth's internal parts, or of the materials which com-
pose it at any considerable depth below the surface. But upon the surface of
this globe, the more inert matter is replenished with plants, and with animal
and intellectual beings.
Where so many living creatures are to ply their respective powers, in pur-
suing the end for which they were intended, we are not to look for nature
in a quiescent state; matter itself must be in motion, and the scenes of life a
continued or repeated series of agitations and events.This globe of the earth is a habitable world; and on its fitness for this pur-
pose, our sense of wisdom in its formation must depend. To judge of this
point, we must keep in view, not only the end, but the means also by which
that end is obtained. These are, the form of thewhole, the materials ofwhich
it is composed, and the several powers which concur, counteract, or balance
one another, in procuring the general result.
The form and constitution of the mass are not more evidently calculated for
the purpose of this earth as a habitable world, than are the various substances
of which that complicated body is composed. Soft and hard parts variously
combine to form a medium consistence, adapted to the use of plants and an-
imals; wet and dry are properly mixed for nutrition, or the support of those
growing bodies; and hot and cold produce a temperature or climate no less
required than a soil: Insomuch, that there is not any particular, respecting ei-
ther the qualities of the materials, or the construction of the machine, more
obvious to our perception, than are the presence and efficacy of design and
intelligence in the power that conducts the work.
In taking this view of things, where ends and means are made the object
of attention, we may hope to find a principle upon which the comparative
importance of parts in the system of nature may be estimated, and also a
rule for selecting the object of our inquiries. Under this direction, science
may find a fit subject of investigation in every particular, whether of form,
quality, or active power, that presents itself in this system of motion and of
life; and which, without a proper attention to this character of the system,
might appear anomalous and incomprehensible.
It is not only by seeing those general operations of the globe which depend
upon its peculiar construction as a machine, but also by perceiving how far
the particulars, in the construction of that machine, depend upon the gen-
eral operations of the globe, that we are enabled to understand the consti-
tution of this earth as a thing formed by design. We shall thus also be led to
acknowledge an order, not unworthy of Divine wisdom, in a subject which,
in another view, has appeared as the work of chance, or as absolute disorder
