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[2], 32, [6] p. Includes illustrations. Most illustrations in color. Bibliography. The Novartis Foundation produces Symposia, in which groups of leading scientists from a range of topics across biology, chemistry and medicine assembled to present papers and discuss results. The Novartis Foundation, originally known as the Ciba Foundation, is well known to scientists and clinicians around the world. From Wikipedia: "A congenital disorder, or congenital disease, is a condition existing at birth and often before birth[citation needed], or that develops during the first month of life (neonatal disease), regardless of causation. Of these diseases, those characterized by structural deformities are termed "congenital anomalies" and involve defects in or damage to a developing fetus. A congenital disorder may be the result of genetic abnormalities, the intrauterine (uterus) environment, errors of morphogenesis, infection, or a chromosomal abnormality. The outcome of the disorder will depend on complex interactions between the pre-natal deficit and the post-natal environment. [1] Animal studies indicate that the mother's (and possibly but less probably the father's) diet, vitamin intake, and glucose levels prior to ovulation and conception have long-term effects on fetal growth and adolescent and adult disease. [2] Congenital disorders vary widely in causation and abnormalities. Any substance that causes birth defects is known as a teratogen. Some disorders can be detected before birth through prenatal diagnosis (screening). The term "congenital"[3] disorder does not necessarily refer to a genetic disorder despite the similarity of the words. Some congenital conditions are idiopathic, and sometimes the word "congenital" is used synonymously with "idiopathic"; but careful usage prefers to reserve the word "congenital" for conditions to which the literal sense of the word applies (that is, those whose pathophysiology has existed since the neonatal period)." From a 1976 news article posted on-line: "Dr. Alfred Swanson thought he wanted to be an attorney. But when he was in prelaw studies, he developed an ear infection. The doctor who treated him was so impressed by the questions Swanson asked that he advised the youth to switch professions. There are 100, 000 or so people around the world who are direct beneficiaries of Swanson's decision to do so. That is the number of patients whose hands have been freed of deforming arthritis through an operation developed by the 53-year-old orthopedic surgeon from Grand Rapids, Mich. Simply explained, the procedure involves replacing crippled joints with silicone implants. One specialist in the field, Sweden's Prof. Erik Moberg, says, "No one has tested and developed his ideas with such drive and thoroughness as Dr. Swanson has." Swanson is nothing if not driven. His curriculum vitae the play-by-play of his professional life runs 43 single-spaced pages. It lists memberships in 32 professional associations, 39 appointments to study groups and charitable organizations, 95 published papers, 317 presentations and lectures and such awards as the Medal of Honor from South Vietnam. " From Wikipedia: "Frank H. Netter (25 April 1906 17 September 1991) was an American surgeon and celebrated medical illustrator. The first edition of his Atlas of Human Anatomy his "personal Sistine Chapel" was published in 1989; he was a Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine where he was first published in 1957. Frank Henry Netter was born in Manhattan at 53rd Street and Seventh Avenue, and grew up wanting to be an artist. In high school, he obtained a scholarship to study at the National Academy of Design, doing so at night while continuing high school. After further studying at the Art Students League of New York and with private teachers, he began a commercial art career, quickly achieving success and doing work for the Saturday Evening Post and The New York Times. However, his family disapproved of a career as an artist.
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