Since the 19th century, when art history became an established academic discipline, works of art have been “read” in a variety of ways. These different ways of describing and interpreting art are the methodologies of artistic analysis, the divining rods of meaning.
Regardless of a work's perceived difficulty, an art object is, in theory, complex. Every work of art is an expression of its culture (time and place) and its maker (the artist) and is dependent on its media (what it's made of). The methodologies discussed here—formal analysis, iconology and iconography, Marxism, feminism, biography and autobiography, psychoanalysis, and structuralism—reflect the multiplicity of meanings in an artistic image.
Laurie Schneider Adams teaches undergraduate and graduate students at John Jay College, CUNY and the Graduate Center. She has previously taught at Sarah Lawrence College, University of Florida, Columbia University, and Mount Holyoke College. She is the author of Art Across Time, The Methodologies of Art, A History of Western Art, Art and Psychoanalysis, Art on Trial, and editor of Giotto in Perspective. She is the editor or the quarterly journal Source: Notes in the History of Art.