Albert Einstein, Reaffirming E=MC2, Does Not Think the Radiation Must Power This Process and Is Skeptical that Radium Breakdown is the Source of Power of the Sun and Stars (Einstein writes the chemical equation for the breakdown of molecules into atoms in his own hand, the source of energy in E=MC2)

Albert Einstein

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A remarkable letter before his great fame, referencing and shown to Marie Curie?Einstein, who helped free so many from the jaws of Nazism, makes an impassioned plea for a World War I German POW in France, who would escape but later die in the HolocaustIn 1905, while a young patent clerk and physicist in Bern, Switzerland, Albert Einstein obtained his doctorate and published a paper that explained his newly developed Special Theory of Relativity. This unlocked many mysteries of the universe, and introduced the world to the idea equating mass and the speed of light with energy, which we know today as e=mc2. Einstein's insight, and one element that distanced his work from that of Newton, was to recognize that mc2 was the proper energy of mass, the energy associated with that mass, and was independent of its motion. Mass must be measured in this way as resting mass. This was a foundation of e=mc2. The breakdown of molecules therefore released energy. This energy is often used by cells to perform work, such as powering movement.In the early years of the 20th century, thanks to the development of mass spectrographs, science had acquired the capacity to "weigh" atoms with extreme precision. Indeed, Einstein provided the theoretical explanation for Brownian motion, while French Chemist Perrin experimentally verified Einstein's theory, solidifying the evidence for the existence of atoms.Scientists, among them Perrin, noted that when comparing the mass of a helium nuclei to that of the four elementary nuclei it was made of, there was a slight discrepancy?one helium atom was slightly lighter than four hydrogen atoms; in other words the whole was smaller than the sum of the parts. Where did the missing mass go? Einstein knew the answer: in accordance with his famous E=mc_ equation, a tiny fraction of the mass had been transformed into a formidable quantity of energy.The French mathematician Paul Langevin understood the formidable source of energy that resulted from these "transmutations." But it was Jean Perrin, a professor of physical chemistry in Paris, who first proposed in 1919 that the fusion of hydrogen into helium was the energy source of the Sun and stars, accounting for the billions of years of sunshine past and the billions of years to come.During this time, radiation studies too were in their infancy. Marie Curie famously decided to do her thesis on radiation, recently discovered in uranium by Henri Becquerel. She found that an ore containing uranium was far more radioactive than could be explained by its uranium content. This led her and her husband, Pierre, to the discovery of a new element that was 400 times more radioactive than uranium. In 1898 it was added to the Periodic Table as polonium, named after Curie?s birth country.Then Curie discovered an even more radioactive element, radium, and, through observation of radium, made a fundamental discovery: Radiation wasn?t dependent on the organisation of atoms at the molecular level; something was happening inside the atom itself. The atom was not, as scientists believed at the time, inert, indivisible, or even solid.This discovery led to an overlapping one: At the time, people did not know what powered the Sun. Many however thought it was Radium. Perrin was one of those who believed this. His hypothesis, borrowing from E=MC2, was that radiation, in the form of Radium, was emanating from bodies like earth, causing the breakdown of molecules on the Sun, and that the breakdown was powering the Sun and other stars. In 1919, Perrin sent to Einstein his new publication proposing this theory.Einstein's response notes the breakdown of molecules and the released energy can likely be accomplished by other means than radiation. He uses the mathematical equation for the breakdown of one molecule into atoms. He references a first order reaction, a chemical reaction where the rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of only one reactant. In simpler terms, if you.

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• Titre: Albert Einstein, Reaffirming E=MC2, Does Not Think the Radiation Must Power This Process and Is Skeptical that Radium Breakdown is the Source of Power of the Sun and Stars (Einstein writes the chemical equation for the breakdown of molecules into atoms in his own hand, the source of energy in E=MC2)
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