Complexity class (43 résultats)

paperback. Etat : Good. Ship out in 2 business day, And Fast shipping, Free Tracking number will be provided after the shipment.Paperback. Pub Date :1978-10 Pages: 607 Publisher: Free Shipping hanging fee Guangdong People's Publishing House cover damaged back cover missing angle in OUR textbook hundred dollars or more. Collections.Four Satisfaction guaranteed,or money back.…

paperback. Etat : New. Pub Date: 2014-09-01 Pages: 166 Language: Chinese Publisher: Jiangsu University Press. a class of oligarchs market game model complexity and chaos control study game theory. chaotic dynamics and nonlinear control theory combining analysis oligopolistic market competition between various types of complex manufacturers. Under the game theory and chaotic dynamics combine established oligopolistic market conditions; two game model will yield the expected limited theoretical and applied to the oli.…

paperback. Etat : New. Paperback. Pub Date: 2021-07-01 Pages: 318 Language: Chinese Publisher: Peoples Posts and Telecommunications Press. Open Course in Quantum Computing: From Democritus. Computational Complexity to Free Will by quantum computing and theoretical computer giants. Compilation of lecture notes by Scott Aronson. winner of the 2020 ACM Computing Award.?The author puts quantum computing in a broader field of mathematics. computational science. philosophy. etc. talking about computational theory. set t.…

LeatherBound. Etat : New. BOOKS ARE EXEMPT FROM IMPORT DUTIES AND TARIFFS; NO EXTRA CHARGES APPLY. LeatherBound edition. Condition: New. Reprinted from 1965 edition. Leather Binding on Spine and Corners with Golden leaf printing on spine. Bound in genuine leather with Satin ribbon page markers and Spine with raised gilt bands. A perfect gift for your loved ones. Pages: 202 NO changes have been made to the original text. This is NOT a retyped or an ocr'd reprint. Illustrations, Index, if any, are included in black and white. Each page is checked manually before printing. As this print on demand book is reprinted from a very old book, there could be some missing or flawed pages, but we always try to make the book as complete as possible. Fold-outs, if any, are not part of the book. If the original book was published in multiple volumes then this reprint is of only one volume, not the whole set. Sewing binding for longer life, where the book block is actually sewn (smythe sewn/section sewn) with thread before binding which results in a more durable type of binding. Pages: 202 Lawrence Eugene Pass.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -In computational complexity theory, a complexity class is a set of problems of related complexity. A typical complexity class has a definition of the form: the set of problems that can be solved by abstract machine M using O(f(n)) of resource R (n is the size of the input). For example, the class NP is the set of decision problems that can be solved by a non-deterministic Turing machine in polynomial time, while the class PSPACE is the set of decision problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine in polynomial space. Some complexity classes are sets of function problems, such as FP. Many complexity classes can be characterized in terms of the mathematical logic needed to express them; see descriptive complexity. The Blum axioms can be used to define complexity classes without referring to a concrete computational model. 92 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In computational complexity theory, SL (Symmetric Logspace or Sym-L) is the complexity class of problems log-space reducible to USTCON (undirected s-t connectivity), which is the problem of determining whether there exists a path between two vertices in an undirected graph, otherwise described as the problem of determining whether two vertices are in the same connected component. This problem is also called the undirected reachability problem. It does not matter whether many-one reducibility or Turing reducibility is used. Although originally described in terms of symmetric Turing machines, that equivalent formulation is very complex, and the reducibility definition is what is used in practice. …

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - In computational complexity theory, RL (Randomized Logarithmic-space), sometimes called RLP (Randomized Logarithmic-space Polynomial-time), is the complexity class of problems solvable in logarithmic space and polynomial time with probabilistic Turing machines with one-sided error. It is named in analogy with RP, which is similar but has no logarithmic space restriction. The probabilistic Turing machines in the definition of RL never accept incorrectly but are allowed to reject incorrectly less than 1/3 of the time; this is called one-sided error. The constant 1/3 is arbitrary; any x with 0 x 1/2 would suffice. This error can be made 2 p(x) times smaller for any polynomial p(x) without using more than polynomial time or logarithmic space by running the algorithm repeatedly.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In computational complexity theory, SNP (from Strict NP) is a complexity class containing a limited subset of NP based on its logical characterization in terms of graph-theoretical properties. It forms the basis for the definition of the class MaxSNP of optimization problems. One characterization of the complexity class NP, shown by Ronald Fagin in 1974 and related to Fagin''s theorem, is that it is the set of problems that can be reduced to properties of graphs expressible in existential second-order logic. This logic allows universal ( ) and existential ( ) quantification over vertices, but only existential quantification over sets of vertices and relations between vertices. SNP retains existential quantification over sets and relations, but only permits universal quantification over vertices.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Lutz''s resource bounded measure is a generalisation of Lebesgue measure to complexity classes. It was originally developed by Jack Lutz. Just as Lebesgue measure gives a method to quantify the size of subsets of the Euclidean space R^n, resource bounded measure gives a method to classify the size of subsets of complexity classes. For instance, computer scientists generally believe that the complexity class P (the set of all decision problems solvable in polynomial time) is not equal to the complexity class NP (the set of all decision problems checkable, but not necessarily solvable, in polynomial time). Since P is a subset of NP, this would mean that NP contains more problems than P. A stronger hypothesis than 'P is not NP' is the statement, 'NP does not have p-measure 0'. Here, p-measure is a generalization of Lebesgue measure to subsets of the complexity class E, in which P is contained. P is known to have p-measure 0, and so the hypothesis 'NP does not have p-measure 0' would imply not only that NP and P are unequal, but that NP is, in a measure-theoretic sense, 'much bigger than P'.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In computational complexity theory, NL-Complete is a complexity class which is complete for NL. It contains the most 'difficult' or 'expressive' problems in NL. If a method exists for solving any one of the NL-complete problems in logarithmic memory space, then NL=L. One important NL-complete problem is ST-connectivity (or 'Reachability') (Papadimitriou 1994 Thrm. 16.2), the problem of determining whether, given a directed graph G and two nodes s and t on that graph, there is a path from s to t. ST-connectivity can be seen to be in NL, because we start at the node s and nondeterministically walk to every other reachable node. ST-connectivity can be seen to be NL-hard by considering the computation state graph of any other NL algorithm, and considering that the other algorithm will accept if and only if there is a (nondetermistic) path from the starting state to an accepting state.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The relationship between the complexity classes P and NP is an unsolved question in theoretical computer science. It is considered to be the most important problem in the field. In essence, the question P = NP asks: if 'yes'-answers to a 'yes'-or-'no'-question can be verified 'quickly', can the answers themselves also be computed quickly An answer to the P = NP question would determine whether problems like the subset-sum problem are as 'easy' to compute as to verify. If it turned out P does not equal NP, it would mean that some NP problems are substantially 'harder' to compute than to verify.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In computational complexity theory, the complexity class NP-complete (abbreviated NP-C or NPC), is a class of problems having two properties: Any given solution to the problem can be verified quickly (in polynomial time); the set of problems with this property is called NP (nondeterministic polynomial time). If the problem can be solved quickly (in polynomial time), then so can every problem in NP. Although any given solution to such a problem can be verified quickly, there is no known efficient way to locate a solution in the first place; indeed, the most notable characteristic of NP-complete problems is that no fast solution to them is known. That is, the time required to solve the problem using any currently known algorithm increases very quickly as the size of the problem grows. As a result, the time required to solve even moderately large versions of many of these problems easily reaches into the billions or trillions of years, using any amount of computing power available today. As a consequence, determining whether or not it is possible to solve these problems quickly is one of the principal unsolved problems in computer science today.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - Multilingualism is becoming a crucial issue in our society, especially in the European context. Furthermore, research shows that there is a tendency towards raising children with more than one language (Claire 2012). This brings many new aspects to education, theoretical concepts and approaches to multilingualism. Therefore, (multi-)linguists try to illuminate multilingualism from different points of view and try to explore and explain different paths of language development academically. The theoretical part of this thesis will present theories of multilingualism and language complexity. This theoretical background provides the basis on which the author of this thesis created suggestions on how to illustrate and visualise language complexity. The main basis for the created illustrations will be the Dynamic Model of Multilingualism by Herdina and Jessner (2002). Furthermore, theoretical information concerning language monitoring and possibilities to illustrate language monitoring will be presented. Finally, the last part of this thesis will show that it is possible to teach multilingual skills at school.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In computability theory and computational complexity theory, a reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem. Depending on the transformation used this can be used to define complexity classes on a set of problems. Intuitively, problem A is reducible to problem B if solutions to B exist and give solutions to A whenever A has solutions. Thus, solving A cannot be harder than solving B. We write A B, usually with a subscript on the to indicate the type of reduction being used.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In computational complexity theory, NP is one of the most fundamental complexity classes. The abbreviation NP refers to 'nondeterministic polynomial time'. Intuitively, NP is the set of all decision problems for which the 'yes'-answers have simple proofs of the fact that the answer is indeed 'yes'. More precisely, these proofs have to be verifiable in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine. In an equivalent formal definition, NP is the set of decision problems solvable in polynomial time by a non-deterministic Turing machine. The complexity class P is contained in NP, but NP contains many important problems, the hardest of which are called NP-complete problems, for which no polynomial-time algorithms are known. The most important open question in complexity theory, the P = NP problem, asks whether such algorithms actually exist for NP-complete, and by corollary, all NP problems. It is widely believed that this is not the case. …

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In computer science, polynomial time refers to the running time of an algorithm, that is, the number of computation steps a computer or an abstract machine requires to evaluate the algorithm. An algorithm is said to be polynomial time if its running time is upper bounded by a polynomial in the size of the input for the algorithm. Problems for which a polynomial time algorithm exists belong to the complexity class PTIME, which is central in the field of computational complexity theory. Cobham's thesis states that polynomial time is a synonym for 'tractable', 'feasible', 'efficient', or 'fast'.…

PAP. Etat : New. New Book. Delivered from our UK warehouse in 4 to 14 business days. THIS BOOK IS PRINTED ON DEMAND. Established seller since 2000.

PAP. Etat : New. New Book. Shipped from UK. THIS BOOK IS PRINTED ON DEMAND. Established seller since 2000.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In computational complexitytheory, an Arthur-Merlin protocol is an interactive proof system inwhich the verifier's coin tosses are constrained to be public (i.e.known to the prover too). This notion was introduced by Babai (1985).Goldwasser & Sipser (1986) proved that all languages withinteractive proofs of arbitrary length with private coins also haveinteractive proofs with public coins.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articlesavailable from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In Computationalcomplexity theory, an advice string is an extra input to a Turingmachine which is allowed to depend on the length n of the input, but noton input itself. A decision problem is in the complexity class P/f(n) ifthere is a polynomial time Turing machine M with the following property:for any n, there is an advice string A of length f(n) such that, for anyinput x of length n, the machine M correctly decides the problem on theinput x, given x and A.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. EXPTIME | EXPTIME, Computational complexity theory, Complexity class, Decision problem, DTIME, P (complexity), NP (complexity), PSPACE, NEXPTIME, EXPSPACE, Time hierarchy theorem, Space hierarchy theorem | Frederic P. Miller (u. a.) | Taschenbuch | Englisch | 2026 | OmniScriptum | EAN 9786130702250 | Verantwortliche Person für die EU: preigu GmbH & Co. KG, Lengericher Landstr. 19, 49078 Osnabrück, mail[at]preigu[dot]de | Anbieter: preigu Print on Demand.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Arthur-Merlin protocol | Computational complexity theory, Interactive proof system, Random number generation, Complexity class, Decision problem, Polynomial hierarchy | Frederic P. Miller (u. a.) | Taschenbuch | Englisch | 2026 | OmniScriptum | EAN 9786131866173 | Verantwortliche Person für die EU: preigu GmbH & Co. KG, Lengericher Landstr. 19, 49078 Osnabrück, mail[at]preigu[dot]de | Anbieter: preigu Print on Demand.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. SL (Complexity) | Computational Complexity Theory, Complexity Class, Log- Space Reducible, Symmetric Turing Machine | Lambert M. Surhone (u. a.) | Taschenbuch | Englisch | 2026 | OmniScriptum | EAN 9786131168857 | Verantwortliche Person für die EU: preigu GmbH & Co. KG, Lengericher Landstr. 19, 49078 Osnabrück, mail[at]preigu[dot]de | Anbieter: preigu Print on Demand. …

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. RL (Complexity) | Computational Complexity Theory, Complexity Class, Logarithmic Space, Polynomial Time, Probabilistic Turing Machine | Lambert M. Surhone (u. a.) | Taschenbuch | Englisch | 2026 | OmniScriptum | EAN 9786131257681 | Verantwortliche Person für die EU: preigu GmbH & Co. KG, Lengericher Landstr. 19, 49078 Osnabrück, mail[at]preigu[dot]de | Anbieter: preigu Print on Demand.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articlesavailable from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In computationalcomplexity theory, the complexity class {oplus}mathbf{P} (pronounced'parity P') is the class of decision problems solvable by anondeterministic Turing machine in polynomial time, where the acceptancecondition is that the number of accepting computation paths is odd. Anexample of a {oplus}mathbf{P} problem is 'does a given graph have an oddnumber of perfect matchings ' The class was defined by Papadimitriou andZachos in 1983. …

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articlesavailable from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In computabilitytheory and computational complexity theory, a reduction is atransformation of one problem into another problem. Depending on thetransformation used this can be used to define complexity classes on aset of problems. Intuitively, problem A is reducible to problem B ifsolutions to B exist and give solutions to A whenever A has solutions.Thus, solving A cannot be harder than solving B. We write A ¿m Busually with a subscript on the ¿ to indicate the type of reductionbeing used (m : mapping reduction,p : polynomial reduction).…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articlesavailable from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Walter JohnSavitch is best known for discovering the complexity class NL(nondeterministic logarithmic space), and for Savitch's theorem whichdefines a relationship between the NSPACE and DSPACE complexity classes.His work in establishing complexity classes has helped to create thebackground against which non-deterministic and probabilistic reasoningcan be performed. He is also known for his creation of SavitchIn, a textreading class in the Java language.Aside from his work in theoreticalcomputer science, Savitch has written a number of textbooks for learningto program in C/C++, Java, Ada, Pascal and others. He has done extensivework in the field of natural language processing and mathematicallinguistics. He has been focused on computational computing as itapplies to genetics and biology for over 10 years.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articlesavailable from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Computationalcomplexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in computerscience and mathematics that focuses on classifying computationalproblems according to their inherent difficulty. In this context, acomputational problem is understood to be a task that is in principleamenable to being solved by a computer. Informally, a computationalproblem consists of problem instances and solutions to these probleminstances. For example, primality testing is the problem of determiningwhether a given number is prime or not. The instances of this problemare natural numbers, and the solution to an instance is yes or no basedon whether the number is prime or not.…

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Parity P | Computational Complexity Theory, Complexity Class | Lambert M. Surhone (u. a.) | Taschenbuch | Englisch | 2026 | OmniScriptum | EAN 9786133196421 | Verantwortliche Person für die EU: preigu GmbH & Co. KG, Lengericher Landstr. 19, 49078 Osnabrück, mail[at]preigu[dot]de | Anbieter: preigu Print on Demand. …

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. NP-easy | Complexity Class, Polynomial Time, Deterministic Turing Machine | Lambert M. Surhone (u. a.) | Taschenbuch | Englisch | 2026 | OmniScriptum | EAN 9783639972634 | Verantwortliche Person für die EU: preigu GmbH & Co. KG, Lengericher Landstr. 19, 49078 Osnabrück, mail[at]preigu[dot]de | Anbieter: preigu Print on Demand. …