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Etat : As New. Unread book in perfect condition.

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Etat : As New. Unread book in perfect condition.

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1st Edition. FULL VOLUME 1969 FIRST EDITION OF TWO PAPERS PRESENTING THE FIRST EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF THE EXISTENCE OF QUARKS WITHIN THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS. Quarks had been predicted in 1964 by Murray Gell-Mann but until these experiments, no one had produced convincing experimental evidence for the existence of quarks inside the proton or neutron ("Friedman, Kendall and Taylor Win Nobel Prize for First Quark Evidence", Physics Today, Vol. 44, 1, pp. 17). In demonstrating that quarks are real particles, the lead scientists on these two papers, Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall, and Richard Taylor confirmed Murray Gell-Mann's hypothesis of their existence and for their discovery, the trio were awarded the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics. Taylor passed away in early 2018 a further note about his import appears below. The first paper, "High-Energy Inelastic e-p Scattering at 6(deg) and 10(deg)" "describes the experiment that identified the point-like centers within protons that were later identified as quarks" (The History of Science: Wenner Collection). The second, "Observed Behavior of Highly Inelastic Electron-Proton Scattering" "explains the significance of the experiment in terms of theory" (ibid). Gell-Mann's seminal 1964 work positing the 'idea' of quarks was based on the assumption that strongly interacting particles he classified (called hadrons) were all "built up from more elementary constituents" that he famously called 'quarks' (Levinovitz, The Nobel Prize, 44). Few people, however, "believed that quarks were real particles. Despite many searches in accelerators and in cosmic rays, no one had found an isolated quark. As Gell-Mann himself said: 'Such particles [quarks] presumably are not real but we may use them in our field theory anyway'" (Alan Lightman, The Discoveries, pp. 457). In the late 1960s while at the new two-mile electron linear accelerator, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Friedman, Kendall, and Taylor proved the existence of quarks by using "high-energy electrons from the then new accelerator, and [showed] that they bounced back in an unexpected way from the protons and neutrons in a gas target" (Quinn, The Mystery of the Missing Antimatter, 97). High-energy collisions - such as those enabled by SLAC - "disrupt the target, and the ensuing scattering is called inelastic. When high-energy electrons are used for this purpose, their wavelengths are small enough to probe within protons and neutrons inside the nucleus-that is, deep within the nucleus (the 'deep' within 'deep inelastic scattering'). In 1969, American theoretical physicist James Bjorken (born 1934) used a form of mathematics called current algebra to predict behavior in deep inelastic scattering (now called "Bjorken scaling") and proposed an experiment to test the theory of hadrons being comprised of smaller, point-like particles" (Wenner). Friedman, Kendall, and Taylor then "conducted the Bjorken scaling experiment using liquid hydrogen as the target the Bjorken scaling experiment using liquid hydrogen as the target" (ibid). "Friedman's group was startled. to observe that the scattering pattern suggested not that the positive charge of the proton was uniformly spread out, but rather that charges were confined to point-like centers within the protons. As the Nobel Prize Committee's presentation speech makes clear, Friedman, Kendall, and Taylor had not anticipated anything fundamentally new: "similar experiments, albeit at lower energies, had found that the proton behaved like a soft gelatinous sphere with many excited states, similar to those of atoms and nuclei. Nevertheless, the Laureates decided to go one step further and study the proton under extreme conditions. They looked for the electron undergoing a large deflection, and where the proton, rather than keeping its identity, seized a lot of the collision energy and broke up into a shower of new particles. This so called "deep inelastic scattering" had generally been considered to be too rare to be w.…