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Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -When we take a look back at the way Western states have fought terrorist organizations in the last 20 years, it is difficult not to think that these alternatives to war might have been more ethical than the decisions to invade Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001 and in 2003. These cases speak for themselves as they have both led to the death of hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians, which is highly paradoxical in light of the logic that supported these interventions. There is a need to think of alternatives to war that will imply the legitimization of proactive sets of measures that would allow states to effectively prevent terrorist attacks through the use of kinetic force in a limited extent as a way to avoid the terrible and unpredictable effects of wars.Violent Alternatives to War: Justifying Actions Against Contemporary Terrorism engages in a moral discussion of the challenges associated with violent alternatives to war when confronting terrorism and suggests a comprehensive approach to how this form of violence can be legitimized and how it ought to be used against this contemporary threat.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -The Will of the People: Populism and Citizen Participation in Latin America argues that while populist leaders typically claim to speak 'in the name of the people', they rarely allow the people to express their opinion independently through institutions of citizen participation. The argument is rooted in theoretical discussions and empirical analyses of trends and specific cases.The volume deals with the following questions: Why is populism so prolific in the Latin American region How and where do populist leaders arrive to power Is there a connection between populism and fascism as claimed by negative views of Argentinian Peronism Are populist leaders more keen on introducing mechanisms of direct citizen participation Are the erosions of the political party system an explanation of the emergence of populism, as seems to be the case with Fujimorism in Peru To what extent have the governments of Hugo Chávez, Evo Morales and Rafael Correa given voice to the people through the so-called participatory democracy.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware 256 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -This book proposes a new departure point for the investigation of transnational literary alliances: the traumatic constellation of translatio imperii, which followed the dissolution of the East-Central European empires in the 1920s and the crumbling of the West European colonial empires in the 1950s. To prevent their breakdown, the former transitioned from a ¿sovereign¿ to a ¿disciplinary¿ mode of administration of their peripheries, the latter from the merciless assimilation of their colonial constituencies to their affirmative regeneration. This book treats Franz Kafka as the writer of the first transition, prefiguring J. M. Coetzee as the writer of the second. In a series of close readings, it investigates the particular ways in which the restructuring of power relations between the agencies in their fictions is a response to the delineated post-imperial reconfiguration of the new countries¿ governmental techniques. By displacing their narrative authority beyond the reach of their readers, they laid bare the sudden withdrawal of transcendental guarantees from the world of human commonality. This entailed an unstable and elusive configuration of their fictional worlds as a key feature of post-imperial literature.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -Sports and film are media that create time. They are temporal not only in the sense that they are defined and regulated by certain temporalities as a result of processes of social negotiation, but also in the sense of modulating and intervening in these processes in the first place. They are determined by multiple temporalities referring to and aligning along perceptual corporeality; but at the same time, they also produce time through and along temporalities of bodily expression and perception. Thus, as much as we perceive and understand sports and film by means of our culturally coded conceptions of time, this comprehension is itself already the product of these mediäs fabrication and modulation of certain audiovisual imaginations of time. This book examines these imaginations with regard to US team sports feature films, understanding the former as the latter¿s constitutive conflict which makes these films graspable as a genre in the first place. By addressing temporality as an ever-new crystallization of a heroic past and an unattainable future in a saturated yet volatile present, this conflict connects substantially to the American Dream as an idea of community-building historicity. Departing from a non-taxonomic approach in genre theory and such philosophical recognition of the American Dream as less an ideological narrative but more a social and socially effective imaginary embedded in an audiovisual discourse of time, this book demonstrates the interrelation of sports, cinema and ¿American¿ subjectivization along close readings of the poetics of affect of five exemplary sports films (FIELD OF DREAMS, WE ARE MARSHALL, KNUTE ROCKNE ALL AMERICAN, JIM THORPE ¿ ALL-AMERICAN, MIRACLE).

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -Today most of immunochemistry methods for the determination of proteins, peptides, drugs, and many small molecules are fully automated, with good precision, excellent sensitivity and short reaction time. However, inaccuracy due to poor standardization and the presence of interfering substances in biological samples is still a serious and life-threatening issue. Proper validation of methods and quality assurance have little effect on frequency of occurrence of false positive or false negative results, which, if unrecognized, may lead to patient's misdiagnosis, unnecessary treatment or even unnecessary surgery. Deep knowledge of basic principles of immunochemical methods (antigen-antibody reaction, standardization, matrix effect, limit of detection, cross-reactivity, etc.), sources of analyte-independent interferences (preanalitycal errors, the presence of binding proteins, the presence of autoantibodies) and analyte-dependent interferences (presence of heterophilic antibodies, high-dose effect) are very important to understand, detect, reduce and/or eliminate the interferences. This book helps to reduce false results and, at the same time, improve patient's care and patient's safety.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -Blood transfusion is considered a life-saving therapy since ancient times, but, at the same time, a high-risk procedure. Nowadays the common perception is that infection is the greatest risk, even if the blood has never been safer from this point of view. Currently, the residual risk of transfusion must be related mainly to immunological mechanisms underlying to AB0 and minor blood systems, to compatibility of blood transfused and to development of irregular antibodies in transfused patients.'Transfusion Medicine and Patient Safety' aims to provide the basic of immunohematology to readers and to analyze the transfusional process highlighting the most critical points, thus more exposed to errors.Screening on blood and blood components for infectious diseases along with the surveillance action on emerging viruses results in the drastic reduction of post-transfusion infection, together with the potential to further increase the level of security from infection through the inactivation of blood components.The text also describes the major diagnostic systems and organizational models that modern technology provides us with a correct immunohematological diagnosis and an appropriate trasfusional therapy.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -The ninth volume of this edition, translation, and commentary of the Jerusalem Talmud contains two Tractates.The first Tractate, ¿Documents¿, treats divorce law and principles of agency when written documents are required. Collateral topics are the rules for documents of manumission, those for sealed documents whose contents may be hidden from witnesses, the rules by which the divorced wife can collect the moneys due her, the requirement that both divorcer and divorcee be of sound mind, and the rules of conditional divorce. The second Tractate, ¿Nazirites¿, describes the Nasirean vow and is the main rabbinic source about the impurity of the dead.As in all volumes of this edition, a (Sephardic rabbinic) vocalized text is presented, with parallel texts used as source of variant readings. A new translation is accompanied by an extensive commentary explaining the rabbinic background of all statements and noting Talmudic and related parallels. Attention is drawn to the extensive Babylonization of the Gi¿¿in text compared to genizah texts.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -Agile Marketing is a highly relevant and timely topic for the fast-moving world that today's marketers work within, characterized by constant technological advancements and shifting consumer behaviors. Adopting Agile principles empowers marketing teams to be more adaptable, responsive, and effective in their strategies and campaigns. This approach enables teams to iterate faster, test more efficiently, and optimize continuously, which is crucial in a digital environment where consumer preferences and market dynamics can change overnight. Additionally, Agile Marketing promotes cross-functional collaboration and transparency, allowing for a more cohesive understanding of marketing objectives and customer insights. By breaking down silos and encouraging flexibility, Agile Marketing equips organizations to better meet customer needs, leverage emerging trends, and drive meaningful innovation, thus enhancing competitiveness and achieving sustainable growth. Agile Marketing: Implementing Scrum in a Marketing Environment is intended to provide marketing leaders and other marketing professionals with the best practices for adopting Agile principles and approaches in their marketing organizations. This book gives marketers of all skill levels the knowledge and understanding to begin implementing Agile Marketing in their organization, or improve the current implementation of Agile Marketing using Scrum. FEATURES- An overview of Agile Principles and how they apply to marketing- An in-depth review of Scrum: its elements, roles, and practices- How to effectively move from a traditional waterfall approach to an Agile, Scrum-based approach- How to work with other Agile and non-Agile teams in an enterprise environment- The importance of continuous improvement in Agile Marketing- How to focus on business value when implementing Agile Marketing 326 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -The De Gruyter Handbook of Personal Finance provides a robust review of the core topics comprising personal finance, including the primary models, approaches, and methodologies being used to study particular topics that comprise the field of personal finance today. The contributors include many of the world's leading personal finance researchers, financial service professionals, thought leaders, and leading contemporary figures conducting research in this area whose work has shaped-and continues to affect-the way that personal finance is conceptualized and practiced. The first section of the handbook provides a broad introduction to the discipline of personal finance. The following two sections are organized around the core elements of personal finance research and practice: saving, investing, asset management, and financial security. The fourth section introduces future research, practice, and policy directions. The handbook concludes with a discussion on an educational and research agenda for the future. This handbook will be a core reference work for researchers, financial service practitioners, educators, and policymakers and an excellent supplementary source of readings for those teaching undergraduate and graduate-level courses in personal finance, financial planning, consumer studies, and household finance. 654 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -The De Gruyter Handbook of Personal Finance provides a robust review of the core topics comprising personal finance, including the primary models, approaches, and methodologies being used to study particular topics that comprise the field of personal finance today. The contributors include many of the world's leading personal finance researchers, financial service professionals, thought leaders, and leading contemporary figures conducting research in this area whose work has shaped-and continues to affect-the way that personal finance is conceptualized and practiced. The first section of the handbook provides a broad introduction to the discipline of personal finance. The following two sections are organized around the core elements of personal finance research and practice: saving, investing, asset management, and financial security. The fourth section introduces future research, practice, and policy directions. The handbook concludes with a discussion on an educational and research agenda for the future. This handbook will be a core reference work for researchers, financial service practitioners, educators, and policymakers and an excellent supplementary source of readings for those teaching undergraduate and graduate-level courses in personal finance, financial planning, consumer studies, and household finance. 654 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -The De Gruyter Handbook of Personal Finance provides a robust review of the core topics comprising personal finance, including the primary models, approaches, and methodologies being used to study particular topics that comprise the field of personal finance today.The contributors include many of the world¿s leading personal finance researchers, financial service professionals, thought leaders, and leading contemporary figures conducting research in this area whose work has shaped¿and continues to affect¿the way that personal finance is conceptualized and practiced.The first section of the handbook provides a broad introduction to the discipline of personal finance. The following two sections are organized around the core elements of personal finance research and practice: saving, investing, asset management, and financial security. The fourth section introduces future research, practice, and policy directions. The handbook concludes with a discussion on an educational and research agenda for the future.This handbook will be a core reference work for researchers, financial service practitioners, educators, and policymakers and an excellent supplementary source of readings for those teaching undergraduate and graduate-level courses in personal finance, financial planning, consumer studies, and household finance.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -Globally, the prevalence of disability is growing, as is disability awareness. The disability rights movement argues that the right to employment is essential for full participation and human dignity. While there have been improvements related to broad diversity programs and policies, those for persons with disabilities, especially less visible or invisible disabilities, have received less attention.Contextual factors such as the legal environment and protections, cultural and social values, religious norms, and broader economic conditions shape the employment prospects for persons with disabilities. The De Gruyter Handbook of Disability and Management uses an interdisciplinary lens to study disability and management, integrating perspectives from disability studies, psychology, education, and legal domains. It aims to incorporate a contextually sensitive and global perspective to emphasize actionable areas of inclusion and provides a more international focus by including contributions from across the world including contries and regions that have till date received less attention in the area of disability studies.Managers, human resource professionals, and policy makers can be more proactive to support persons with disabilities, and more insights, best practices, and tools are needed to facilitate this support. This handbook will guide and support efforts of organizational stakeholders and policy makers as they strive to be more inclusive.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -The De Gruyter Handbook of Sustainable Development and Finance explores the difficult and challenging issues confronting society and the environment, in the contexts of unprecedented climate change, bio-diversity loss and the global pandemic.In this seminal text exploring a wide range of topics, and in the devastating wake of COVID-19, scholars and practitioners analyse the effectiveness of current and proposed actions to build a sustainable future, and the public and private finance necessary to prevent an impending planetary catastrophe.The first section of the handbook introduces readers to the origins and evolution of sustainable development. An examination of public and private finance follows in the next two sections, presented from the perspectives of authors from both ¿developed¿ and ¿developing¿ countries. Climate change, one of the largest sectors of finance for sustainable development, is investigated in detail, as is the new and emerging development frontier, the ¿blue¿ economy of the world¿s oceans.Suitable for students, policymakers and the public at large, the handbook highlights the lessons learned and points the way forward for sustainable development and finance in the wake of the global pandemic, and the challenges to come.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -No detailed description available for 'SAP FI'. 372 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - One the most interesting debates in moral philosophy revolves around the significance of empirical moral psychology for moral philosophy. Genealogical arguments that rely on empirical findings about the origins of moral beliefs, so-called debunking arguments, take center stage in this debate. Looking at debunking arguments based on evidence from evolutionary moral psychology, experimental ethics and neuroscience, this book explores what ethicists can learn from the science of morality, and what they cannot. Among other things, the book offers a new take on the deontology/utilitarianism debate, discusses the usefulness of experiments in ethics, investigates whether morality should be thought of as a problem-solving device, shows how debunking arguments can tell us something about the structure of philosophical debate, and argues that debunking arguments lead to both moral and prudential skepticism. Presenting a new picture of the relationship between empirical moral psychology and moral philosophy, this book is essential reading for moral philosophers and moral psychologists alike.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Our ability to understand others is one of the most central parts of human life, but explaining how this ability develops remains a controversial issue, exercising psychologists and philosophers alike. Within this literature the Paradox of False Belief Understanding remains one of the main open challenges. Based on an up to date overview of the empirical and theoretical literature, this book highlights the significance of this paradox for our understanding of the development of social cognition and provides a new explanation of it in the form of the Situational Mental File Account. Central features of the account are, firstly, identitfying three distinct stages in the development of belief understanding and, secondly, elaborating the role of both cognitive and situational factors as well as their interaction in the development of belief understanding. This account is also applied to the related phenomenon of pretend play, demonstrating the potential for a wider application of the account. This account generates both new empirical predications and a framework for further theoretical work, thereby providing a fruitful ground for further interdisciplinary research in this area.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - How ought you to evaluate your options if you're uncertain about what's fundamentally valuable A prominent response is Expected Value Maximisation (EVM)-the view that under axiological uncertainty, an option is better than another if and only if it has the greater expected value across axiologies. But the expected value of an option depends on quantitative probability and value facts, and in particular on value comparisons across axiologies. We need to explain what it is for such facts to hold. Also, EVM is by no means self-evident. We need an argument to defend that it's true. This book introduces an axiomatic approach to answer these worries. It provides an explication of what EVM means by use of representation theorems: intertheoretic comparisons can be understood in terms of facts about which options are better than which, and mutatis mutandis for intratheoretic comparisons and axiological probabilities. And it provides a systematic argument to the effect that EVM is true: the theory can be vindicated through simple axioms. The result is a formally cogent and philosophically compelling extension of standard decision theory, and original take on the problem of axiological or normative uncertainty.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Ancient authors debated proper verbal and non-verbal signs as representations of divinity. These understanding of signs were based on ideas drawn from language and thus limited due to a their partial understanding of the multi-functionality of signs. Charles S. Peirce's semiotics, as adapted by anthropological linguists including Michael Silverstein, better explains the contextual linkages ('performativity') of ancient religious signs such as divine names. Sign meaning is always dependent on processes of interpretation and is always open to reinterpretation. Focusing on these processes permits a more detailed analysis of the ancient evidence. Examples are drawn from ancient Israelite verbal and non-verbal divine representation, the apostle Paul's linguistic letter/spirit model, Christian debates about the limits of language to best represent the deity, Josephus' aniconic advertisement of Jewish rites, the multi-layered divine representations in the Dura-Europos synagogue, the diverse 'performativity' of Jewish ascent liturgies, and-the single modern example-the role of art at Burning Man. Divine representation is the basis for ritual efficacy even as sign meaning is a constant source of contention.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Climate change and the apocalypse are frequently associated in the popular imagination of the twenty-first century. This collection of essays brings together climatologists, theologians, historians, literary scholars, and philosophers to address and critically assess this association. The contributing authors are concerned, among other things, with the relation between cultural and scientific discourses on climate change; the role of apocalyptic images and narratives in representing environmental issues; and the tension between reality and fiction in apocalyptic representations of catastrophes. By focusing on how figures in fictional texts interact with their environment and deal with the consequences of climate change, this volume foregrounds the broader social and cultural function of apocalyptic narratives of climate change. By evoking a sense of collective human destiny in the face of the ultimate catastrophe, apocalyptic narratives have both cautionary and inspirational functions. Determining the extent to which such narratives square with scientific knowledge of climate change is one of the main aims of this book.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware -Während der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts erlebte die Geschichtsphilosophie in Deutschland ihre Blütezeit. Knapp zwanzig Jahre, nachdem Isaak Iselin als Erster mit seinem Werk Philosophische Mutmaßungen über die Geschichte der Menschheit (1764) die Fragen und Methoden aufgegriffen hatte, die Voltaire später in einem Begriff bündeln sollte, entwickelte Kant in Königsberg seinen epochemachenden Neuentwurf der Philosophie. Der Autor der drei Kritiken schreibt aber nicht nur zur Erkenntnistheorie und Moralphilosophie, sondern auch zur Diskussion um die philosophische Betrachtung des Phänomens Geschichte, am prononciertesten in seinem 1784 erschienenen Aufsatz Idee zu einer Geschichte in Weltbürgerlicher Absicht. Vorliegende Arbeit verortet die Geschichtsphilosophie Kants anhand der vier systematischen Fragen 'Was kann ich wissen ', 'Was soll ich tun ', 'Was darf ich hoffen ' und 'Was ist der Mensch ' und zeigt, wie sie sich stimmig als Teil des kritischen Projekts lesen lässt. 216 pp. Deutsch.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - This book is about the legendary Rajput chieftain Hammira Chauhan, the king of the impregnable fortress of Ranthambore in southern Rajasthan who died in 1301 CE after a monumental battle against Alauddin Khalji, the sultan of Delhi. This singular event reverberates through time to the point of creating a historical and cultural region that crystallizes through copious texts composed in different genres and languages (Persian, Sanskrit, Hindi, Rajasthani, English) in shifting religious and political contexts, medieval as well as modern. The main poetical-historical work composed in Sanskrit, the Hammira-Mahakavya ('great poem') by the Jaina poet Nayachandra Suri (15th century), is propelled by a dream in which the dead king urges the poet to write about his deeds. Can history with its preoccupation for the factual, begin in a dream What does it mean to think about history and time via the imagination Is time, whether past, present or future linked to imagination Do imagination, time, and history arise together What are the implications of thinking of history as something that appears in our experience What does it mean to write a history as a historical being in whom diverse temporalities intertwine in the here and now.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Claims that science may becoming 'self-fulfilling' through its impact on objects of study have recently risen to prominence. Despite radical statements about the supposed consequences of such accounts, however, the central notion of scientific self-fulfillment has remained obscure, leading to skewed views of its actual prevalence and significance. Self-Fulfilling Science illuminates this underexplored phenomenon, drawing on insights from philosophy of science to address questions of its conceptualization, prevalence, and significance. The book critically engages with the popular notion that economic theories of homo economicus exhibit self-fulfillment, and explores its relevance to various metaphysical, ethical, and epistemic issues. Extreme claims of fundamental incompatibility with our usual notions of scientific success are ill-founded. Instead, self-fulfillment's true epistemic significance lies in more local, nuanced philosophical issues such as theory evaluation and the thesis of underdetermination. In presenting a novel framework, this book facilitates deeper engagement with the developing field of self-fulfilling science, and is of interest to philosophers of science, social scientists, and social constructionists.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Neuware.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - As documented in a number of case studies (from Telia Telecom in Sweden to Wirecard in Germany) in this book, recidivism seems to be of a substantial magnitude in corporate crime. Corporations tend to repeat white-collar offenses such as financial crime and environmental crime in various forms as long as they find it convenient. A minor fine from time to time and dismissal of some executives as scapegoats do not prevent corporations from committing and concealing new offenses as long as there is a convenient financial motive, a convenient organizational opportunity, and a convenient willingness for deviant behavior. Businesses and their executives tend to be recidivists who get away with light punishment in most jurisdictions. The relevant audiences for this book include law students, business students, sociology students, and criminology students. Fraud examiners, defense attorneys, compliance officers, police investigators, as well as prosecutors can find the structural model of convenience to be an ideal template in preparing corporate crime case narratives.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - ruth weiss, born in Berlin in 1928 to Austrian-Jewish parents, arrived in San Francisco in 1952 after hitchhiking through the United States. Crowned years later as the 'Goddess of the Beat Generation' by San Francisco Chronicle critic Herb Caen, weiss has worked for almost seven decades with a plurality of artistic forms. Despite her extensive poetry career and very active participation in the West Coast buzzing artistic community since the early 1950s, weiss has remained an essentially overlooked figure in poetry history. This neglect might be representative of the overshadowing of female artists within the Beat Generation as 'a marginalized group within an always already marginalized bohemia' (Johnson). The volume taps directly into this lacuna by proving the first close study on one of the most prolific members of the so-called Beat Generation. Offering diverse and comprehensive points of entrance into weiss's oeuvre, the essays in this volume adopt a multidisciplinary approach that attests to the cross-pollination between art forms in postwar counterculture. In addition, the volume also includes shorter, non-academic contributions and previously unpublished archival material. Bringing together scholars, academics and artists from around the world, this volume represents a timely and much-needed response to the increasing interest in weiss's work in the last decades.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Our ability to attribute mental states to others ('to mentalize') has been the subject of philosophical and psychological studies for a very long time, yet the role of language acquisition in the development of our mentalizing abilities has been largely understudied. This book addresses this gap in the philosophical literature. The book presents an account of how false belief reasoning is impacted by language acquisition, and it does so by placing it in the larger context of the issue, how language impacts cognition in general. The work provides the reader with detailed and critical literature reviews, and draws on them to argue that language acquisition helps false belief reasoning by boosting the ability to create schemata that facilitate processing of information in some social contexts. According to this framework, it is a combination of syntactic clues and cultural narratives that helps the child to solve the classic false belief task. The book provides a novel, original account of how language helps false belief reasoning, while also giving the reader a broad, precise and well-documented picture of the debate around some of the most fundamental issues in social cognition.

Taschenbuch. Etat : Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - A number of well-developed theories shed light on the question, under what circumstances our beliefs enjoy epistemic justification. Yet, comparatively little is known about epistemic defeat-when new information causes the loss of epistemic justification. This book proposes and defends a detailed account of epistemic defeaters. The main kinds of defeaters are analyzed in detail and integrated into a general framework that aims to explain how beliefs lose justification. It is argued that defeaters introduce incompatibilities into a noetic system and thereby prompt a structured re-evaluation process that makes a justified reinstatement of the defeated belief impossible. The account is then applied to the topic of disagreement, where it is used in an argument for conciliationism, as well as a new explanation for higher-order defeat. Throughout the book, the notion of defeat is the center of attention, while a number of new issues are discussed at the intersections of defeat and justification. Specifically, new problems are raised for broadly internalist accounts of defeat, a fully descriptive reliabilist account of defeat is provided, and the case for normative defeat is revisited.